Family Law
New Jersey vs. California: A Divorce Law Comparison Through JLo and Ben's Separation
Recent media coverage has been swirling with rumors surrounding Jennifer Lopez (JLo) and Ben Affleck’s separation. On August 20, 2024, it was reported that JLo filed for divorce in California, where they both primarily reside, after just two years of marriage. While the separation was not unexpected, it came as a surprise that JLo and Ben did not have a prenuptial agreement prior to walking down the aisle in July 2022. Without a prenuptial agreement, the earnings, profits, and assets acquired during the marriage are subject to division. In determining how marital property should be divided, courts will consider a variety of factors, which can differ depending on the state where the divorce is filed. While their divorce is being filed in California, exploring how New Jersey would handle a similar situation offers an interesting perspective on the differences in divorce law across states. Unlike California, which is a community property state where marital assets are generally divided 50/50, New Jersey follows an "equitable distribution" model, meaning that marital property is divided in a manner deemed fair based on the circumstances — not necessarily equally. Equitable Distribution in New Jersey If this matter were pending in New Jersey, the allocation of marital assets between spouses would be governed by N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23.1, regardless of ownership. Unlike California, New Jersey is an equitable distribution state, meaning that marital property is not necessarily divided equally but, in a manner, deemed fair based on the circumstances. In conducting an equitable distribution analysis, New Jersey courts follow a three-step process: Identification: The court first identifies the specific property and liabilities of each spouse that are subject to distribution. Valuation: The court then determines the value of this property. Distribution: Finally, the court analyzes and decides how to distribute the property fairly. At Step 3, the court has broad discretion to determine the most equitable way to distribute marital assets, guided by the factors outlined in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23.1. Among the 16 factors considered, the most important include: The length of the marriage. The economic circumstances of both parties. Each party’s financial and non-financial contributions to the marriage. Additional factors such as the age and health of both parties, the standard of living established during the marriage, and the tax consequences of proposed distributions. Considerations for High-Profile Divorces For high-profile clients like JLo and Ben, a New Jersey court might consider a variety of assets when determining the distribution of their assets and liabilities. This list includes, but is not limited to: The earnings from films in which either party starred or was involved as a director/producer during the marriage. For Ben, this includes films such as Air and Hypnotic, This Is Me… Now: A Love Story, Small Things Like These, Kiss The Future, The Greatest Love Story Never Told, The Instigators, and The Accountant 2, while JLo’s films include Shotgun Wedding, The Mother, This Is Me… Now: A Love Story, and Atlas[1]. The court would also take into account their Beverly Hills home, Promotional contracts, streaming dividends, and royalties earned during the marriage. In certain circumstances, the appreciation of separate property may be considered a marital asset subject to equitable distribution. However, given the short duration of JLo and Ben’s marriage, it is uncertain whether a New Jersey court would divide any increase in the value of their separate property or premarital assets. Typically, prenuptial agreements address this issue directly and provide protection against such outcomes. How New Jersey Differs from Other States It is important to note that each state’s approach to divorce can differ significantly. For instance, New York, like New Jersey, is an equitable distribution state but has its own unique guidelines and considerations that could lead to different outcomes. These variations emphasize the importance of understanding the nuances of divorce law in your jurisdiction. Protect Your Interests: Consult with a Family Law Attorney High-profile cases like this often involve complex financial portfolios and unique challenges that require careful planning and attention. If you’re concerned about protecting your assets or understanding how your property might be divided in a divorce, we strongly recommend consulting with a knowledgeable family law attorney licensed in your jurisdiction, as every case is unique and fact-specific. If you would like to discuss your matter or have any questions, please contact us by email at emily.ingall@offitkurman.com and rhmoud@offitkurman.com or by phone at 929-476-0046 or 347-589-8528. [1] This list may not be all-encompassing and may not include unreleased projects.
August 28, 2024
Business
From the Field to the M&A Negotiating Table, Every Successful Team Shares The Same Dynamics
They say there’s no “I” in “team.” Tellingly, for the parties in merger or acquisition, it’s also impossible to spell “team” without an “M” or an “A.” But I’d like to introduce you to a different set of letters. Even though you can’t find them in the word itself, every team should contain three “Cs”: cohesion, collaboration, and culture. Over the course of my career as a business attorney and advisor, I’ve seen many transactions succeed—and witnessed many more fall apart. Every deal that’s gone through could not have happened if not for a cohesive, collaborative, culturally connected team. Speaking as a sports fan, I could say the same about a squad like the Ravens, the Bulls, or the Bruins. Whether we’re talking about a sports team or a corporate team, the Three Cs are paramount for optimal results: Cohesion is the team’s capacity to stick together, through the good times and the difficult moments. It’s the fundamental element every group needs to take on risk and uncertainty, survive failure, and doggedly pursue its goal. Without cohesion, there is no team. Collaboration is how the team works together as a unit, maximizing each team member’s strengths to become something more than the sum of their individual abilities. Collaboration ensures the team is operating at its full capacity. It’s how team members keep each other accountable, engaged, and in the game—be it a real game or a metaphorical one. Culture is everything the team cares about and stands for—the values, principles, beliefs, assumptions, and personalities that make the team unique. A team’s culture determines how and why the team does what it does. Culture eclipses everything else; it’s how Joe Namath led the Jets to triumph over the Colts, the so-called “greatest football team in history,” in Super Bowl III. The Three Cs are essential ingredients of all successful teams, but they aren’t the only qualities that matter. Many teams with extraordinary M&A records have been together for a long time—sometimes years. Time not only imparts experience, but builds team confidence and predictability. Diversity matters as well. An M&A advisory team should be comprised of individuals from different disciplines, such as leadership, accounting, law, and investments. Many successful sellers and buyers build teams from their networks: they tap their closest colleagues and associates for support; hire attorneys, bankers, and other M&A consultants; and then bring in trusted advisors from their organizations’ boards of directors, executive suits, and finance departments. Finally, even the smartest, most experienced and diverse teams need to watch out for dysfunction. Everyone on the team should share a single goal: deal consummation. Internal dysfunction can impact everything from timing to cost structures. With that in mind, effective M&A teams work on resolving conflicts early, build open lines of communication, and save their competitive energy for the playing field—or negotiating table. Originally posted on 1/25/2019, no content changes.
August 22, 2024
FTC Non-Compete Rule
Texas Court Blocks Enforcement of FTC Non-Compete Ban
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) will not be able to enforce its proposed rule banning non-competes per the latest ruling from a federal district court in Texas. What does this mean for businesses? For now, it’s business as usual. Companies can continue using non-compete agreements with their employees, provided they comply with applicable state and local laws. Best practices regarding non-compete agreements Companies should still exercise caution, however. The FTC may appeal the Ryan decision or there could be other legal or regulatory changes that could impact the enforceability of non-compete agreements. Future legislation or regulatory reform around the use of employee non-competes may be especially likely, given the recent and widely publicized scrutiny. Employers should review their existing non-compete agreements with employment counsel to ensure they comply with current laws and regulations in the states in which they operate and have employees. Attorneys experienced with non-competes and other restrictive covenants can provide you with valuable insights and alternative strategies to protect your interests. Being prepared to adapt your policies in response to any changes will help safeguard your business. Background Ryan LLC v. Federal Trade Commission, 3:24-cv-00986, (N.D. Tex.) was one of several lawsuits filed to challenge the FTC’s proposed rule banning non-competes. This rule, set to take effect September 4, 2024, would have banned the use of future non-compete agreements and nullified most existing ones. In a victory for employers, U.S. District Judge Ada Brown for the Northern District of Texas issued a ruling in the Ryan case on August 20, 2024, blocking the FTC from enforcing its proposed non-compete rule.
August 21, 2024
Mergers and Acquisitions
Four Reasons Sellers Have a Natural Disadvantage in M&A Transactions
“The roulette table pays nobody except him that keeps it. Nevertheless, a passion for gaming is common, though a passion for keeping roulette tables is unknown.” So wrote George Bernard Shaw, the Irish playwright and London School of Economics co-founder, over a century ago. Were Shaw alive today, he would make a shrewd mergers and acquisitions (M&A) advisor. In an M&A transaction, the keeper of the roulette table is the buyer: the organization, group, or individual interested in purchasing a company. Sellers are at an inherent disadvantage because they’re engaging on the other party’s terms. They’re sitting across from someone who sets the rules, who holds the chips, who has bet—and won—numerous times before. To attempt to outsmart or overpower the buyer is to play against the house: you’re almost certain to lose—and wind up in a worse position than where you started. If this sounds dramatic, that’s because it is. While no deal is a pure gamble, there’s always some level of risk and uncertainty involved. And if a seller doesn’t adequately prepare and check their expectations, they could be putting millions of dollars and countless hours on the line. Consider some of the basic advantages buyers have over sellers during an M&A transaction: 1. The Buyer Tends to Have More Resources A business owner may have a hot commodity on the market, but a buyer has money. Guess who has better leverage? Moreover, capital is just one of the acquiring party’s many resources. Buyers tend to work with specialized teams of investors, bankers, accountants, and valuation professionals. Sellers may lack the means or knowledge to access outside expertise and build equally formidable rosters. 2. The Buyer Brings More Knowledge and Experience Most business owners will only sell a company once, if ever, over the course of their lifetimes. Many buyers, by contrast, make deals for a living. There’s a good chance your prospective buyer has negotiated dozens of transactions before. They probably understand M&A activity in your industry better than you do. They may have grounds to challenge your assumptions about your company’s value and can back up their assertions with detailed data. 3. The Buyer Has More Time and Energy to Spend Sellers have a fundamental limitation in terms of capacity—they need to balance the pressures and demands of deal-making with ongoing business operations. Again, for buyers, the transaction is the job. If the transaction is already underway, they can dedicate their full time and attention to it. As a result, they’re less likely than sellers to experience burnout and better equipped to vigorously defend their position as negotiations drag on. 4. The Buyer Is More Prepared to Walk Away Business owners are deeply attached to the companies they’ve built. When a deal starts to materialize, it represents the culmination of years of hard work and usually follows a series of serious, passionate conversations and tough decisions. But while a seller’s emotional investment in the company—and the transaction—is only natural, the buyer is wise to keep some distance. Think about the different meanings a closed deal has for either party: for the seller, it’s the next stage of life; for the buyer, it’s another opportunity that may or may not work out. Originally posted 9/12/2019, no content changes.
August 15, 2024
Family Law
Back to School! Now What?
As summer comes to a close and children prepare to return to school, many divorced or separated parents find themselves facing the need to adjust their custody schedules. The shift from the more relaxed, flexible summer arrangements to the structured routine of the school year can be challenging. Understanding how custody schedules can change during this transition and planning accordingly can help ensure a smooth adjustment for parents and children. What is the best way to address these changes? Below are a few tips to facilitate a smooth transition back into the school year. Communicate Early and Often: Open communication between parents is not just important; it’s essential. Discuss potential custody changes well before the school year begins. Regular check-ins can help address any concerns and ensure both parents are on the same page, providing a sense of reassurance and keeping everyone well-informed. Create a Detailed Plan: A detailed custody plan can prevent misunderstandings and conflicts. The plan should outline the daily schedule, transportation arrangements, responsibilities for extracurricular activities, and any other relevant details. Be Flexible and Cooperative: Flexibility and cooperation are not just helpful but key to successful co-parenting. Be willing to adjust as needed and consider each other's work schedules, commitments, and the child's needs. This approach empowers you to control the situation and work together for the best outcome for your child. Prioritize the Child's Best Interests: Always keep the child's best interests at the forefront of any decisions. Stability, consistency, and a supportive environment are crucial for the child's well-being and academic success. This responsibility and care for your child's needs should guide all your decisions. Seek Mediation or Legal Assistance if Necessary: If parents cannot agree on custody schedule changes, seeking mediation or legal assistance may be necessary. A mediator or family law attorney can help facilitate discussions and find a resolution for everyone involved. Adjusting custody schedules when children return to school can be a complex process. Still, parents can navigate this transition smoothly with careful planning, open communication, and a focus on the child's best interests. By working together and being flexible, parents can ensure their children have the stability and support they need to thrive academically and emotionally. If you need assistance modifying a custody schedule, consulting with an experienced family law attorney can provide valuable guidance and help protect your rights as a parent.
August 15, 2024
Family Law
Traveling Abroad with Children During a Divorce: What You Need to Know
Understanding the legal requirements is one of the first and most critical steps in planning an international trip with your children during a divorce. Custody and Visitation Agreements: Review your custody and visitation agreements carefully. These documents will outline the rights of both parents regarding the children's travel. If your agreement restricts travel or requires the other parent's consent, you must follow these terms to avoid legal complications. Obtaining Consent: In most cases, you'll need the other parent's consent to travel abroad with your children. This consent should be in writing and include trip details, such as dates, destinations, and contact information. Some countries require this written consent when entering or leaving the country. Court Orders: If you cannot obtain the other parent's consent, you may need to seek a court order allowing you to travel. The court will consider whether the trip is in the children's best interest and whether it disrupts the other parent's visitation rights. Passports: Ensure that your children's passports are up to date. Both parents must usually sign a child's passport application unless one parent has sole legal custody. If your ex-spouse refuses to cooperate, you may need to go to court to obtain a passport. The Hague Convention: If you're traveling to a country that is a signatory to the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, be aware of the legal protections this treaty provides. It helps prevent one parent from wrongfully retaining a child in a foreign country. Be very cautious if a parent wants to travel to a country that is not a signatory to the Hague Convention on International Child Abduction. Once the legal matters are settled, focus on planning the logistics of your trip. Itinerary and Contact Information: Share your complete travel itinerary, including flight information, accommodation details, and contact numbers, with the other parent. This transparency helps build trust and ensures both parents know the children's whereabouts. Emergency Contacts: Provide the other parent with emergency contact information, including local contacts in the destination country, the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate, and the children's healthcare providers. Healthcare Considerations: Ensure you have all necessary medical documents, including prescriptions, insurance information, and vaccination records. It's wise to have travel insurance that covers your children for the trip. Traveling during a divorce can sometimes lead to conflicts, especially if communication between you and your ex-spouse is strained. Conflict Resolution: Approach any disputes calmly and rationally. If a disagreement arises over travel plans, consider mediation to resolve the issue without escalating tensions. Respect Boundaries: Respect the other parent's boundaries and rights. Make sure to discuss them with your ex-spouse before making any last-minute changes to the travel itinerary. Legal Recourse: If conflicts cannot be resolved amicably, it may be necessary to seek legal advice or intervention. Always prioritize the best interests of your children in any legal action. Traveling abroad with your children during a divorce requires careful planning and consideration. Adhering to legal requirements, addressing your children's emotional needs, and maintaining open communication with the other parent can ensure the trip is a positive experience for everyone involved.
August 13, 2024
Family Law
How to Value a Startup Business in a Divorce
Startups differ from mature businesses in that they are typically in the early stages of development, often with unpredictable revenue streams, high growth potential, and significant risk. This makes traditional valuation methods, which rely heavily on historical financial data, less effective. There are key aspects to consider when valuing a startup, which includes: Stage of Development: Is the startup in its seed stage, early stage, or growth stage? Revenue and Earnings: Startups may have little to no revenue or earnings, which affects the valuation approach. Business Model: Understanding the business model is critical as it determines the potential for future profitability. There are several methods to value a startup in a divorce, each with its own set of assumptions and applicability: Income Approach (Discounted Cash Flow—DCF): This approach involves projecting the startup's future cash flows and discounting them to their present value. However, due to startups' speculative nature, this method can be challenging and may require adjustments to account for higher risks. Market Approach: This method involves comparing the startup to similar businesses that have been recently sold. In the context of a startup, this could mean looking at other startups in the same industry and stage of development. However, finding comparable companies can be difficult, and the market approach often requires significant adjustments. Asset-Based Approach: This approach focuses on the value of the startup's assets, including intellectual property, equipment, and other tangible or intangible assets. For startups, this might undervalue the business, especially if the company's value is tied more to future potential than current assets. Venture Capital Method: Investors often use this method to value startups. It involves estimating the startup's exit value (the amount for which the startup could be sold in the future) and working backward to determine the present value. This method can be helpful but relies heavily on assumptions about future performance. Cost to Duplicate: This method calculates the cost of reviving the startup from scratch. While this may not reflect the market value, it can provide a baseline for valuation. When valuing a startup in a divorce, several personal and business factors must be considered: Ownership Structure: If the startup has multiple co-founders, the ownership percentage of the spouse involved in the divorce needs to be clearly defined. Role of the Spouse: The spouse's involvement in the startup (whether as a co-founder, employee, or passive investor) can affect the valuation and how the business is treated in the divorce. Legal Agreements: Any pre-existing agreements, such as prenuptial or postnuptial, can influence how the startup is valued and divided. Impact on Business Operations: The divorce may affect the startup's operations, especially if both spouses are involved. The potential implications for business continuity should be considered in the valuation. Given the complexities involved in valuing a startup, hiring a professional business valuator with experience in startups and divorce cases is often advisable. A qualified expert can provide a more accurate and unbiased valuation, which ensures a fair settlement. Once the startup's value has been determined, the next step is negotiating how that value will be divided. This can involve various options, such as: One spouse buys out the other's interest in the business. Selling the business and dividing the proceeds. Offsetting the value of the startup with other marital assets. Valuing a startup in a divorce is a complex process that requires a thorough understanding of the business and the personal dynamics involved. Each valuation method has pros and cons, and the most appropriate approach depends on the specific circumstances of the startup and the divorce. Engaging a professional valuator and carefully considering all factors can help ensure the process is fair and equitable for both parties. Ultimately, the goal is to achieve a valuation that reflects the startup's true worth, considering the unique challenges it presents in the context of a divorce.
August 13, 2024
Labor and Employment
Navigating the FTC’s New Non-Compete Rule: Steps to Prepare by September 4, 2024
On April 23, 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved a new rule (FTC Rule) that invalidates most existing non-compete agreements for employees at for-profit businesses, except for those agreements for "senior executives" signed before September 4, 2024 (Effective Date). This FTC Rule fundamentally alters the longstanding practice of using non-compete clauses to safeguard an employer's interests. Overview of the FTC’s New Non-Compete Rule and Its Implications Under the new rule, non-compete agreements will only remain enforceable for senior executives—defined as those earning more than $151,164 annually and holding significant policy-making roles, such as president or CEO—and will remain enforceable if signed before the Effective Date. After September 4, 2024, employers will be prohibited from imposing non-compete agreements on new hires, even if they are senior executives. Employers are also required to inform both current and former employees bound by non-compete agreements that these agreements will not be enforced. The FTC has provided model language for this notice, available on its website in multiple languages. Employers should use this notice carefully and avoid issuing it to senior executives who the FTC Rule does not impact. Key points to consider: The term “worker” is broadly defined and includes employees, independent contractors, interns, volunteers, apprentices, and even sole proprietors. The FTC’s jurisdiction generally does not cover non-profit organizations, banks, savings and loan institutions, federal credit unions, common carriers, and air carriers, so the rule may not apply to these sectors. The rule does not address non-compete agreements that prevent employees from soliciting customers or other employees unless these agreements are overly broad and interfere with a worker’s ability to seek or accept new employment. Agreements designed to protect trade secrets and confidential information, such as non-disclosure agreements, remain enforceable. The FTC Rule does not apply to non-compete agreements related to the bona fide sale of a business entity and does not affect any pending enforcement actions pertaining to non-competes established before the Effective Date. The rule applies to post-employment non-compete agreements and does not impact agreements that limit competitive activities during employment. The FTC Rule overrides conflicting state laws but does not supersede state laws that provide greater protections, such as California’s comprehensive ban on non-competes for all employees, including senior executives. Current Legal Challenges to the FTC Rule It is no surprise that several federal lawsuits have been filed to challenge the enforcement of the FTC Rule. In one case, ATS Tree Services, LLC v. FTC, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania ruled that the plaintiffs were unlikely to succeed in their claims against the FTC and denied their request for a preliminary injunction to halt the rule’s enforcement. Consequently, it is reasonable to anticipate that the ATS court may ultimately support the FTC’s position. In contrast, in Ryan LLC v. Federal Trade Commission, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas issued a limited preliminary injunction preventing the enforcement of the FTC Rule against the plaintiffs and intervenors involved in that case. The Ryan court is expected to decide by August 30, 2024, whether to grant a nationwide permanent injunction, just before the FTC Rule is set to take effect. Additionally, on June 21, 2024, Properties of the Villages, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission was filed in the Middle District of Florida before Judge Timothy J. Corrigan. The plaintiff is seeking a preliminary injunction against the FTC Rule as it applies to them and an order to vacate it entirely under the Administrative Procedure Act. Judge Corrigan is scheduled to hear arguments on the motion for a preliminary injunction on August 14, 2024. Recommended Action for Businesses Before the FTC Rule Takes Effect Businesses should be prepared to act by the Effective Date. Despite ongoing litigation challenging the FTC Rule, no nationwide injunction has been issued, so employers should proactively: Strengthen other restrictive covenants (e.g., non-solicitation clauses) and develop strategies to address potential risks associated with the rule. Consider how the rule might impact valuations in mergers or acquisitions due to the potential for increased competition. (Note that the FTC Rule does not apply to non-compete clauses related to the bona fide sale of a business, a person's ownership interest in a business, or substantially all of a business's operating assets.) Evaluate options for updating or introducing agreements for senior executives before the Effective Date. Review and analyze the impact of the FTC Rule on existing non-compete agreements. Plan for issuing the required notices to affected employees and former employees. Offit Kurman has a dedicated practice group focused on issues related to employee mobility, including restrictive covenants and trade secrets. Our attorneys are uniquely positioned to guide you through these challenges, helping you weigh the risks specific to your business and make informed decisions that align with your business objectives. The information contained in this document is intended for informational purposes only. It should not be relied upon or construed as legal advice. In some states, this is considered advertising.
August 13, 2024
Estates and Trusts
Corporate Transparency Act Reporting for Covered Entities Owned by Trusts
We are now six months into the new compliance regime instituted by the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) and practitioners should be aware of the reporting obligations to assist clients with required disclosures. This article limits its focus to trusts. Specifically, estate planners should be able to advise their clients as to which parties to a trust need to report under the CTA when a trust owns business interests. Reporting Requirements Effective January 1, 2024, the CTA requires that “reporting companies”[1] disclose to the US Department of the Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) certain information about the company including, but not limited to, its beneficial owners. Trusts themselves generally are not considered reporting companies because the CTA only applies to entities created by filing an organizational document with a state authority such as a secretary of state; however, when a trust owns interests in a reporting company, all parties associated with the trust may be considered beneficial owners of the reporting company. The CTA defines a beneficial owner as any individual who either: (1) exercises substantial control over a reporting company, or (2) owns or controls at least 25 percent of a reporting company’s ownership interests.[2] Individuals can substantially control or own a reporting company through trust arrangements. Substantial control is broadly defined[3], and there is no limit to the number of individuals associated with a trust who may need to be reported for exercising substantial control, and thus considered a “beneficial owner.” Given the far-reaching meaning of substantial control, any number of individuals that may constitute a beneficial owner with respect to a trust, including the trustee, beneficiary, grantor, or other individuals such as trust protectors, distribution trustees or advisors, investment trustees or advisors, members of the trust protector committee, holders of a power of appointment, or other power holders, whether directly or indirectly through contracts, arrangements, understandings, relationships, or otherwise. If a trust owns or controls at least 25 percent of a reporting company’s ownership interests or exercises substantial control over a reporting company, then the parties to the trust that meet the following conditions are considered beneficial owners and must provide beneficial ownership information to FinCEN: Any party to the trust who: Has authority to vote 25 percent or more of the interests of the reporting company. Has authority to dispose of trust assets. Has authority to remove and replace trustees or direct investments. Is the sole permissible recipient of trust income and principal. Has the right to demand a distribution. Has the right to withdraw substantially all of the trust assets. Has the right to otherwise control the trust’s activities. Has the right to revoke the trust or withdraw trust assets. Has the right to swap assets with the trust and reacquire assets from the trust. Once it is determined who is a beneficial owner, such parties must furnish to the reporting company their full legal name, date of birth, residential address, and an identification number from a driver’s license, passport, or other state-issued identification along with a copy of the identification document. Any time this information changes, the reporting must be updated. Corporate Trustees If the beneficial owner is a legal entity such as a corporate trustee, the reporting company should determine whether any of the corporate trustee’s individual beneficial owners indirectly own or control at least 25 percent of the ownership interests of the reporting company through their ownership interests in the corporate trustee. The following examples are provided by FinCEN: If an individual owns 60 percent of the corporate trustee of a trust, and that trust holds 50 percent of a reporting company’s ownership interests, then the individual owns or controls 30 percent (60 percent × 50 percent = 30 percent) of the reporting company’s ownership interests and is, therefore, a beneficial owner of the reporting company. If the same trust only holds 30 percent of the reporting company’s ownership interests, the same individual corporate trustee owner only owns or controls 18 percent (60 percent × 30 percent = 18 percent) of the reporting company, and thus is not a beneficial owner of the reporting company by virtue of ownership or control of ownership interests. The reporting company may, but is not required to, report the name of the corporate trustee in lieu of information about an individual beneficial owner only if all of the following three conditions are met: The corporate trustee is an entity that is exempt from the reporting requirements; The individual beneficial owner owns or controls at least 25 percent of ownership interests in the reporting company only by virtue of ownership interests in the corporate trustee; and The individual beneficial owner does not exercise substantial control over the reporting company. It may also be necessary to consider whether any owners of, or individuals employed or engaged by, the corporate trustee exercise substantial control over a reporting company. The factors for determining substantial control by an individual connected with a corporate trustee are the same as for any beneficial owner. Exemptions from the Definition of Beneficial Owner When any of the following individuals qualifies for an exception, the reporting company does not have to report that individual in its beneficial ownership information report to FinCEN. Minors (Parent or legal guardian of the minor must report instead) Nominees, intermediaries, custodians, or agents Remainder beneficiaries (Once the individual inherits the interest, this exception no longer applies, and the individual may qualify as a beneficial owner) Creditors Penalties for Noncompliance While attorneys and beneficial owners are not directly responsible for filing reports with FinCEN—the onus falls on the reporting company itself—attorneys should be prepared to advise their clients whether a trust falls within the purview of the CTA and which parties associated with a trust must provide beneficial ownership information. Penalties for failing to comply with the CTA may be steep. Parties to a trust who are considered beneficial owners must provide the reporting company with complete and accurate beneficial ownership information. If an individual willfully fails to do so, an enforcement action may be brought against such party because someone who willfully causes a reporting company’s failure to submit complete or updated beneficial ownership information to FinCEN is in violation of the CTA. Violations can result in fines of $500 per day, up to $10,000 (both adjusted for inflation), and imprisonment for up to two years. Civil and criminal liability may be avoided if an individual who submitted an original, erroneous report did not knowingly submit inaccurate information and submits an updated report correcting the inaccurate information within ninety days. Conclusion The beneficial owner information reporting analysis is complex and must be done on a case-by-case basis. A practitioner must review the extensive CTA information published on FinCEN’s website. There is no doubt that clients with trusts and trust-owned businesses will have questions about CTA compliance. Reprinted with permission from the Summer 2024 edition of The Pennsylvania Bar Association's Real Property, Probate & Trust Law Section newsletter. All rights reserved. Further duplication without permission is prohibited. [1] Reporting companies—defined as any company with twenty or fewer employees formed by filing with the Secretary of State or equivalent official—created or registered prior to January 1, 2024, have until January 1, 2025 to file an initial report; reporting companies created or registered after January 1, 2024 and before January 1, 2025, will have ninety days after creation or registration to file a report. Entities created on or after January 1, 2025 will have 30 days to submit the reports to FinCEN. The CTA exempts around two dozen categories of entities, including companies that are publicly-traded; have more than twenty full-time US employees; filed a previous year’s tax return showing more than $5 million in gross receipts or sales; have an operating presence at a physical US office location; operate in a regulated industry, such as banking, utilities, or insurance, that already imposes similar reporting requirements; or are subsidiaries of exempt organizations. The exemptions, which generally include larger companies already subject to regulation, underline the primary purpose of the CTA: to combat money laundering and other illicit activities conducted via small, private, and anonymous shell companies. [2] There are other nuances to this rule if no single owner owns more than 25%. [3] An individual or trust exercises substantial control over a reporting company if the individual or trust meets any of four general criteria: (1) the individual is a senior officer; (2) the individual or trust has authority to appoint or remove certain officers or a majority of directors of the reporting company; (3) the individual or trust is an important decision-maker; or (4) the individual or trust has any other form of substantial control over the reporting company.
August 12, 2024
Business
For Attorneys and Clients, the Internet Is the Great Equalizer
Not long ago, hiring an attorney was a lot like visiting a doctor. If you needed legal help, you would drive to your local law office. The building’s windows or signage would be emblazoned with two words: “Law Office,” often lacking identifying names or law firm branding. You would check in with a receptionist, pour yourself a cup of coffee, and wait in the lobby for the next available appointment. When the attorney was ready to see you, he—and it was almost always a he—would call you into his office, you would explain your situation, and the attorney would either offer advice, schedule a follow-up, or refer you to a colleague with specialized knowledge. As quaint as that may sound, it still reflects reality in some small towns. Moreover, the image of the local law office—a community’s elemental, all-purpose legal resource—continues to shape lawyers’ practices everywhere. Many modern-day firms cling to the notion that clients are a given and that presence alone will generate business. They think of themselves as essential services first and brands second. But where healthcare industry regulations effectively preclude any marketing effort on the part of a doctor’s office, the legal industry is relatively unhindered. And the technological developments brought by the 21st century—namely, the rise of the internet and social media—give attorneys and firms unprecedented opportunities to compete for clients’ business. The internet and social media have democratized the field both for people seeking legal assistance and those providing it. To borrow from an old adage, God may have made lawyers, but Google made them equal. Today, someone looking for a mergers and acquisitions attorney, for example, can simply type “m&a attorney” into their search bar and immediately browse listings of practices and firms in their area, along with guides on choosing the best lawyer for the job. One doesn’t need to rely on connections or blind faith to access a qualified legal advisor. It is, therefore, essential for lawyers to proactively market their firms and differentiate themselves online. If you don’t use the internet and social media to attract clients’ and prospects’ attention, a competitor will. At the same time, attorneys must contend with self-service, on-demand legal providers, such as LegalZoom, who ostensibly offer greater convenience at a lower cost. Fortunately, it’s possible for any attorney and any firm to stand out, establish credibility, and build trust with clients and prospects. All it takes is commitment, strategic planning, and a few hours per week. First, you need to develop marketing content related to your practice and interests. Content serves multiple purposes, from education to branding to lead generation and networking. Indeed, it’s at the core of nearly every marketing strategy. Blog posts, articles, videos, podcasts, and infographics are all great ways to drive traffic, cultivate an audience, and start conversations. For attorneys and firms, the type of content matters less than its consistency and authenticity. Next, find ways to distribute that content and amplify its reach online. This is where social media comes into play. LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook, and other social networks provide means to connect with a target market, share information and links, and forge relationships with influencers—i.e., people well-positioned to broadcast your message to larger audiences. (Keep in mind that social media is one channel of many; email newsletters, for instance, remain as effective a form of content distribution as ever.) In addition to content creation and distribution, firms and attorneys can employ a number of digital marketing tactics to outrank their competitors. Through search engine optimization (SEO), you can boost your website and content’s visibility for visitors searching for specific keywords. Online advertising and paid search (e.g., via Google AdWords) also make a difference—and a small investment can go a long way. To succeed, these initiatives must complement and flow from a group’s overall business strategy. At my firm, for instance, our content development and distribution platform is part of a larger, ongoing effort to create relationships with and provide value to business owners. The internet and social media don’t replace in-person meetings and handshakes, but technology does empower us to more fully and consistently connect with the right clients. It’s the difference between passively assuming the role of generalized “law office” and actively leading with the singular skills, knowledge, and perspective you and your team bring. And digital marketing is critical for attracting not only clients and prospects but recent law school graduates and lateral hires as well. Attorneys pay attention to your firm’s marketing efforts, and if those efforts don’t support their practices and goals, they’ll look for positions elsewhere. In an era of choice, the onus is on us to guide people toward the best decisions for themselves, their families, and their organizations. In that respect, at least, the legal business hasn’t changed. Originally posted 4/5/2020, no content changes
August 8, 2024
Family Law
Protecting Your New Home During Divorce: What You Need to Know
When you are separated and going through a divorce, whether in New Jersey or almost anywhere in the United States, you need to be mindful of any assets you acquire prior to a divorce decree being signed by a judge and the entry of an accompanying Order disposing of all marital property. In New Jersey, property acquired after separation is generally considered non-marital. However, it could be considered marital if the source of funds used to acquire the real estate were marital property (i.e., saved/acquired during the marriage). For example, if you are separated and use funds from a credit union account that accrued during the marriage for a down payment, that condominium would be considered marital property and subject to equitable distribution. This means your spouse could have a claim to the condominium, and any earnings and losses from the investment may also be considered marital and subject to equitable distribution. Using the tracing method, you can determine the origination of the down payment. To safeguard a post-separation acquisition is not considered marital property, it is best to use only funds earned after separation. Alternatively, if you need to use funds that are part of the marital estate, consult with your counsel and obtain consent from the other party or the Court to use such funds as a credit against your share of equitable distribution before making the purchase. It is important to keep all documentation to trace and demonstrate the source of funds used for the purchase, thereby protecting your post-separation property from any claims by your spouse. Every case is unique. The information above is generally applicable, but it is important to consult with a seasoned family law attorney in the state in which you live. By taking these precautions, you can better safeguard your post-separation acquisitions and ensure a fair distribution of marital assets during the divorce process.
August 7, 2024
Labor and Employment
Federal Court Denies ATS Tree Services' Bid to Delay FTC Rule Implementation
On July 23, 2024, U.S. District Judge Kelley Brisbon Hodge, serving the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, rejected ATS Tree Services LLC’s request to delay the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) final rule, set to take effect on September 4, 2024. ATS also sought a preliminary injunction against the rule. Still, Judge Hodge also denied this request, concluding that ATS had not shown that the rule would cause irreparable harm or that it could establish a likelihood of success on the merits. This decision followed shortly after U.S. District Judge Ada Brown of the Northern District of Texas issued a preliminary injunction blocking the FTC from enforcing the rule against Ryan, LLC, a tax preparation company, and certain intervenors. Judge Hodge’s denial of ATS's motion was based on a determination that ATS had failed to prove it would suffer irreparable harm because of the rule. The court found that ATS’s claims of irreparable harm—such as nonrecoverable compliance costs and the potential loss of contractual benefits— were based upon either a choice or a “speculative risk,” which did not rise to the level of irreparable and immediate harm required for an injunction. The court cited Third Circuit precedent, stating that nonrecoverable compliance costs, such as monetary losses or business expenses, do not constitute irreparable and immediate harm required for an injunction. Additionally, the court held that ATS offered no binding precedent to support its argument that the loss of contractual rights is an irreparable harm, reiterating that such determinations must be on a case-by-case basis. Even if ATS could establish irreparable harm, the court found that it had not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits. Judge Hodge’s opinion included a detailed analysis of the FTC’s authority to issue substantive rules regarding unfair methods of competition. The court confirmed that the FTC has such authority, noting that Section 6 of the FTC Act does not limit the FTC to procedural rules alone. The use of the term "prevent" in Section 5 of the Act supports the FTC's ability to make rules to prevent harm before it occurs rather than merely remedying it. The court also referenced prior circuit court decisions and Congressional actions, such as the Magnuson-Moss Act, which affirmed the FTC’s rulemaking authority. The court also addressed ATS’s other challenges to the rule. It upheld the FTC’s authority to broadly regulate non-compete clauses as unfair methods of competition, rejected claims that regulation of non-competes is solely a state matter, and found that the Major Questions Doctrine does not apply to the rule. Additionally, the court dismissed ATS’s nondelegation challenge, affirming that Congress had provided a clear guiding principle for the FTC’s rulemaking authority under the FTC Act. Given these findings, the court did not need to evaluate the balance of equities or public interest considerations. This ruling is significant for several reasons. It contrasts with the earlier decision in Ryan LLC v. Federal Trade Commission, where Judge Brown granted a preliminary injunction, suggesting the plaintiffs would likely succeed on the merits. The Texas court has indicated it will decide on the enforceability of the FTC rule by August 30, 2024. While Judge Hodge’s decision represents a victory for the FTC, it may be temporary. The Texas court’s preliminary injunction in Ryan LLC hinted at potential future invalidation of the rule based on arguments that the FTC lacked statutory authority or that the rule was arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). If the Texas court rules against the FTC, it might vacate the rule entirely or issue a permanent injunction, though the specifics are yet to be determined. In the meantime, businesses should continue to assess and document their use of non-competes and explore alternative protections like non-disclosure agreements, invention protection, non-solicits, training repayment programs, garden leaves, and non-competes related to business sales. The FTC’s guidance suggests that if properly structured, these alternatives should comply with the new rule. Additionally, state legislation and actions by other federal agencies, like the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), may further influence the legal landscape regarding non-competes.
August 7, 2024
Business
Five Phases of a Deal from a Sell-Side Perspective
M&A can be complex. For most sellers, it is a one-time event and likely their most significant financial transaction in life. Given the complexity and the stakes, many sellers can be confused as to what is essential and where to focus. I understand. To help, I created the below infographic as a cheat sheet for sellers to organize the various advisors involved, the different phases of their transaction, and what the seller should be focused on. Most importantly, sellers need to keep their eyes on their business during the sale transaction. As obvious as it sounds, a seller has not sold his/her business until the deal closes (and the money hits their account!). Deals can be exhausting, and deal fatigue can set in. Plus, buyers can lure sellers into a sense of combination that is not yet legally transacted. Don’t make this mistake. If the deal does not close (for whatever reason), the seller needs to be able to move forward with the business. Don’t lose sight of your prize. Further, sellers should weigh the transaction details through two lenses. First, the seller needs to understand the purchase price and how the price will be paid. Second, the seller needs to understand trailing liabilities. This is a big item as most sellers do not need to worry about personal liability for their business during the operational phase. However, most buyers make a seller guarantee all aspects of their business in a transaction. Again, M&A can be complex. Make certain to hire good advisors to provide practical advice. ANATOMY OF THE DEAL 5 Phases of a Deal from a SELL-SIDE PERSPECTIVE: The Players and Their Involvement Pre- Transaction Planning Phase Rule: Find and eliminate skeletons; create multiple options Phase I: Letter of Intent Phase Rule: Know what you want and get it in writing as the LOI may be your high water mark Phase II: Due Diligence Phase Rule: Disclosure is your friend Phase III: Contracts Phase Rule: Confirm Business terms and Phase IV: Closing Phase Rule: Time is your enemy Phase V: Post Closing Phase Rule: Remember to dot the I’s and cross the t’s to meet all conditions Post-Transaction Planning Phase Rule: Enjoy your new status in life; make sure you’ve considered life without the business Sell Side M&A: Three Rules of Thumb for the Transaction Rule #1: You haven’t sold your business until you’ve sold your business Rule #2: Get your money upfront (as soon and as much as possible) Rule #3: Reduce and eliminate your trailing liabilities Originally posted 3/26/2021, no content changes
August 1, 2024
Healthcare
FDA Guidance on Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertisements
In December 2023, the Federal Drug Administration issued guidance on the topic “Presentation of the Major Statement in a Clear, Conspicuous, and Neutral Manner in Advertisements in Television and Radio Format Final Rule” This guidance is not binding on the public or the FDA. The guidance does represent the current view of the FDA. The guidance was created to help advertisers advertise drugs to consumers. The FDA, under its authority based on the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), regulates drugs, food, medical devices, vaccines, blood, biologics, cosmetics, tobacco, and animal and veterinary products. The FD&C Act, as amended in 2007 requires that direct-to-consumer (DTC) TV and radio ads identify the name of the drug and the conditions of use including the side effects and contraindications (“major statement”) in a clear, conspicuous, and neutral (CCN) manner. The guidance set forth in the agency’s CNN Final Rule creates standards to ensure the major statement in these DTC TV and radio ads is properly presented. The CNN Final Rule generally applies to pharmaceutical companies that use TV and the radio to advertise their products. These companies should also review with legal counsel the various regulations that govern advertising through the Internet and through print and social media advertising. Questions and answers about the Direct to Consumer TV and Radio drug ads The FDA begins by stating that that list of major side effects and contraindications is not a list of every risk. The guidance documents do not create “legally enforceable responsibilities.” The guidance recommendations are recommendations. To understand what FDA requirements are enforceable, please speak with our experienced FDA compliance lawyers. We’ll explain what laws and regulations govern FDA compliance and what steps you can take to help show that you are in compliance. We’ll also explain that while the guidelines may not be directly enforceable, compliance with the rules is generally advisable. Avoid common FDA mistakes marketing health products Avoid these common FDA mistakes marketing health products: communicating with FDA without legal counsel, making disease claims, misunderstanding the rules. Which advertisements are subject to the standards established in the CCN Final Rule? The FDA DTC guidance recommendations apply to human prescription drug ads that: Are presented directly to consumers Are in television or radio format State the name of the drug and its condition(s) of use. What is the compliance date for the CCN Final Rule? Advertisers should work to show that their DTC TV and radio ads are in compliance by no later than November 20, 2024. Do the standards established in the CCN Final Rule change the content of the major statement? No. The identification of major side effects and contraindications “is not changed by this final rule.” How can pharmaceutical companies and other advertisers know whether their major statement is “presented in a clear, conspicuous, and neutral manner?” FDA established the following five standards to help ensure that the major statement is being presented – clearly, conspicuously, and that the major statement is neutral. The five standards are: Standard 1 (21 CFR 202.1(e)(1)(ii)(A)). The major statement language should be consumer-friendly and consumers should be able to readily understand the terminology. Standard 2 (21 CFR 202.1(e)(1)(ii)(B)). The audio part of the major statement that discusses the major statement should be at least as understandable – in terms of the “volume, articulation, and pacing used” – as the audio information presented in the rest of the advertisement. Standard 3 (21 CFR 202.1(e)(1)(ii)(C)). In television advertisements, the major statement should be “presented concurrently using both audio and text (dual modality).” Dual modality should be obtained:Either by displaying the key terms or phrases of the text verbatim with the corresponding audio or the text should be displayed verbatim with the complete transcript of the corresponding audio The text should be shown for a sufficient duration so the text can be read easily. The CNN Final Rule further details the amount of time that is considered “sufficient.” Standard 4 (21 CFR 202.1(e)(1)(ii)(D)). TV ads should include a text portion of the major statement. The size and style of the font, the contrast with the background, and the placement on the screen should all allow for the text/information to be read easily. Standard 5 (21 CFR 202.1(e)(1)(ii)(E)). While the major statement is being presented, the advertisement should “not include audio or visual elements, alone or in combination, that are likely to interfere with comprehension of the major statement.” Standard 1 compliance requirements – the major statement should be consumer-friendly and understandable The emphasis on consumer-friendly language and readily understandable terminology means that advertisers should avoid using medical or technical jargon or terms that healthcare providers are more likely to use and understand. The language and terms should not be ambiguous or vague – open to different interpretations. The CCN Final Rule does not use a reading scale or grade level scale such as – understandable at a 10th-grade level. FDA does understand that some medical language (such as referring to a disease like “tuberculosis”) will be necessary. Standard 1 does require that ordinary consumers should be able to understand the risks – but does give advertisers some flexibility in designing their DTC TV/radio ads. When Will FDA Likely Regulate Your Product as an OTC Drug and Not a Cosmetic? In today’s video, we talk about when your product is likely to cross the line and be regulated by the federal Food & Drug Administration (“FDA”) as a cosmetic and not a prescription or Over the […] Standard 2 compliance requirements – the major statement should be comparable to the rest of the advertisement The CNN Final Rule requires that advertisers review the volume, the articulation, and the pacing of the audio. The volume shouldn’t be softer than the rest of the ad. The pace shouldn’t be faster than the rest of the ad – consumers need to be able to absorb the information. The articulation should enable consumers to understand the words in the major statement. Standard 3 compliance requirements – the dual modality (audio and text) requirement for television advertisements Advertisers have some discretion about how they present the text which explains the key parts of the major statement. Advertisers can either use the “same words used in the corresponding audio presentation of the major statement (not synonyms), or advertisers can display a complete transcript of the corresponding audio, using the same words used in the corresponding audio.” For example, if the audio part of the TV ad states, “The most common side effects of DRUGX are dry mouth, headache, and heartburn,” the firm could display on the screen either of the following: Key phrases and terms – “• dry mouth • headache • heartburn.” The full transcript – “The most common side effects of DRUGX are dry mouth, headache, and heartburn” Standard 3 also requires that “the ad begins displaying the major statement text at the same time that the corresponding major statement audio information begins and stops displaying the text at approximately the same time that the corresponding audio information ends.” In other words, the visual presentation and the audio sound must be in sync. Standard 4 compliance requirements – TV ad text format, size, font style, contrast, and background requirements of the major statement Standard 4 applies only to the major statement presentation. The presentation conditions should ensure that consumers should be able to easily read the advertisement. Bigger fonts are more legible than smaller fonts. Some fonts are easier to read than other fonts. Contrasts between the text and the background are also easier to read. The placement of the text should be where the consumer will focus their attention. The key focus is the overall combination of conditions. For example, smaller font sizes may be just as readable as bigger font sizes if a more legible type of font is used. Standard 5 compliance requirements This standard also only applies to the major statement portion – not the rest of the drug advertisement. Generally, the major statement presentation should not include sounds, music, text, or images that “alone or in combination, are likely to interfere with comprehension of the major statement.” The CNN Final Rule does recognize that “multiple elements can actually be used to reinforce risk information.” The Rule doesn’t specifically prohibit drawings, music, or sound effects. These elements may even help. The bottom line is that the consumer must be able to fully understand the risks and contraindications of the drug being advertised. Does FDA provide any resources to firms to help ensure that an advertisement complies with the CCN Final Rule? Advertisers can seek comments from the FDA about their ads – before the ad airs. The ads will be reviewed by people in “FDA’s Office of Prescription Drug Promotion (OPDP) within the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) and reviewers in the Advertising and Promotional Labeling Branch (APLB) within the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER).” Consumers have the right to know what side effects and contraindications of the drugs they take may be dangerous so consumers can make informed decisions. FDA in November 2023 provided a guide (a Final Rule) for advertisers about whether their TV and radio ads that promote drugs directly to consumers properly inform consumers about the drug’s side effects and contraindications. The clear, conspicuous, and neutral (CNN) Final Rule provided by the FDA includes 5 standards that pharmaceutical companies and advertisers should meet. Informed Consent and Risk Waivers The doctrine of informed consent is based on the principle that adults of sound mind should have the right to decide what can be done to their bodies.
August 1, 2024
Labor and Employment
OK at Work: How Will the Newest Supreme Court Decision Affect Your Business?
On this week's OK at Work, Sarah Sawyer and Russell Berger discuss the Supreme Court's recent decision eliminating the substantial deference that federal courts previously gave to the decisions of administrative agencies and what it could mean for business owners, executives, and in-house counsel. Listen to learn more.
July 30, 2024
Family Law
My Spouse Had an Affair. What Rights Do I Have?
A question divorce attorneys are frequently asked is, “how will my spouse’s affair impact my divorce?” There are a few things to consider when dealing with adultery in divorce proceedings. Grounds for Divorce. As of October 2023, adultery is no longer grounds for divorce in Maryland. In fact, Maryland has abolished its fault-based grounds for divorce and now only recognizes three no-fault grounds: 6-month separation, irreconcilable differences, and mutual consent. Alimony. A judge will evaluate several factors when considering whether or not to award a party alimony, including the duration and amount. One of the factors is the circumstances leading to the divorce. This is where adultery comes into play. If your spouse had an affair, and financial support is necessary to maintain a reasonable standard of living or to become self-supporting, proving adultery could be an important factor in your alimony case. Property Division. Similar to alimony, property division is a factor-based inquiry where fault, including adultery, is considered. The court will analyze a multitude of factors when determining how to divide marital property, so it is important to address each factor that is relevant to your claim, including your spouse’s affair. Custody. Contrary to what most believe, adultery does not weigh heavily on a court’s decision about custody of minor children. It is often the case that someone can be a poor spouse but a good parent. However, suppose the adulterer is making poor judgment decisions about the children due to their extramarital affair (for example, taking the children to bars or leaving them unattended to spend time with a paramour). In that case, a court may weigh this behavior when determining parental fitness. It is hard enough to face the reality of dissolving a marriage, but finding out your spouse is having an affair will make an already difficult situation almost impossible. The emotional aspect of adultery is one of the biggest hurdles to a successful, amicable divorce. That is why it is important to have an experienced, skilled attorney who can objectively evaluate each fact related to your case to help you achieve a favorable outcome.
July 29, 2024
Franchise Law
Franchise Sales Likely to Get New Level of Regulation Over Third-Party Sellers
A bill passed by the California Senate on May 22, 2024, Senate Bill No. 919 (“Bill 919”), will address a gap in the regulation of franchise sales – namely, a lack of transparency regarding the role and background of independent franchisee recruiters, often known as “franchise brokers.” This bill, which has the rare support of both the International Franchise Association (the “IFA”) and franchisee advocate groups such as the American Association of Franchisees and Dealers (“AAFD”), now heads to the California General Assembly for approval. It appears to have a strong chance to become law this year and to influence franchise sales regulation nationally. Historically, franchise laws have focused on requiring affirmative disclosures by franchisors so that franchisee prospects can obtain information about the franchise system to better understand the business opportunity that they are evaluating. While the vast majority of franchise registration states require franchisors to submit information about their third-party brokers in franchise seller disclosure forms, those provisions pre-dated the growth of franchise seller networks such as FranNet, FranChoice and The Entrepreneur’s Source (among many others). Such intermediary companies, which usually identify themselves as consultants to prospective franchisees, are a major source of new franchisees to many growing systems and play an important role in franchise sales. Because those companies have many franchises in their “inventory” (sometimes hundreds) and therefore only occasional contact with each franchisor, they don’t fit the model of a broker regularly engaged in selling for a relatively small group of brands who the franchisor would recognize as its regularly used franchise seller. To date, only two states (New York and Washington), have historically required brokers to register themselves as franchise sellers. If passed, Bill 919 would require third-party franchise sellers, including the large networks with dozens of individual representatives, to register with the State of California. The fee for a franchise seller filing an initial registration application is $250, with a $150 annual renewal fee and $50 fee to amend a registration upon a material change to the application information. More notably, Bill 919 adds a requirement for third-party franchise sellers to provide a disclosure document to prospective franchise buyers. The broker would be required to disclose some of the categories of information that franchisors must supply in their Franchise Disclosure Document (“FDD”). Specifically, brokers must submit a Uniform Third-Party Franchise Seller Disclosure Form and a Uniform Third-Party Franchise Seller Disclosure Document (“FSDD”) along with their registration application. In addition to registering the FSDD with the state, franchise sellers must also present this document to a prospective franchisee prior to engaging with them about a franchise opportunity. The FSDD must include the following information: A cover page containing standardized and general language that is not specific to a particular broker and will include, at a minimum, the following information: A description of the types of franchise sellers A seller’s role in the sales process The services a seller might provide Methods of compensation for a seller’s services Examples of questions a prospective franchisee might ask a seller General information about the specific seller’s legal and trade names, state and year of formation, principal address, owners and key personnel, and contact information The franchise seller’s professional experience during the last five years Administrative, civil, or criminal actions against the seller within the last five years alleging fraud, unfair or deceptive practices, or similar violations (which aligns with the types of matters disclosed in Item 3 of a franchisor’s FDD) The industries a seller represents and the number of brands within each industry A description of services provided by the seller How the seller is actually compensated, including how the amount of compensation is calculated Whether a broker network/organization or franchise sales organization may receive additional consideration The name and contact information for every franchisee that the seller sold a franchise to anywhere in the United States during the last calendar year, including the number of units sold to each franchisee With respect to enforcement, Bill 919 creates a cause of action that allows franchisees to sue for damages and rescission if the seller violates the law with respect to a franchise sale. Additionally, the California commissioner can issue a stop order prohibiting a franchise seller from offering or selling franchises in the state if it finds that a seller has failed to comply with any applicable provisions of law or rules issued by the commissioner. The new rules and penalties have the same scope as a franchise sale under the California Franchise Investment Laws. So, they will apply to franchise sellers who are based in California, but also to anyone “consulting with” a prospective franchisee who is a resident of or has a principal place of business in California, or if the franchised business will be in California. Any franchise broker that wishes to sell franchises that will be located in California, or to prospects located in California, will need to register. The bill exempts California licensed real estate brokers and securities brokers-dealers. Since none of the mandatory disclosure items are limited to California sellers or California franchisees, Bill 919 also may be a template for the regulation of franchise sellers on a nationwide level, particularly in those other states that require pre-sale registration of franchise offerings. If passed, Bill 919 will go into effect on July 1, 2025.
July 29, 2024
Mergers and Acquisitions
Delaware Passes Amendments to Delaware’s Corporate Law to Override Judicial Precedents and Simplify Corporate Governance in M&A Transactions.
Changes to the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”) were signed into law last week by Governor John Carney. SB313 will now take effect on August 1, 2024, and will apply retroactively to all agreements (including merger agreements) made by a Delaware corporation and all agreements and instruments approved by the board of directors of a Delaware corporation, except for the agreements and board action in pending litigation on or prior to August 1, 2024. These changes were in response to several Delaware Chancery Court (“Court”) rulings affecting stockholder agreements, merger agreements and corporate governance requirements applicable to merger transactions. The amendments propose a legislative override over recent decisions to implement changes that allow for greater freedom of contract for stockholder and merger agreements and the elimination of technical, seemingly non-material governance requirements applicable to merger transactions. A new DGCL § 122(18) permits corporations to convey the rights to consent and approval of corporate action to persons through stockholder agreements unless such conveyance is specifically prohibited by the corporation’s certificate of incorporation. This amendment nullifies the recent decision in West Palm Beach Firefighters’ Pension Fund v. Moelis & Co. where the Court found a stockholder agreement requiring the majority stockholder’s approval for certain corporate actions “an impermissible internal governance restriction” in violation of DGCL § 141. Addressing the Court’s finding of a violation of DGCL § 251(b) when the board approved a draft version of the merger agreement in Sjunde Ap-Fonden v. Activision Blizzard, Inc., the new DGCL § 147, eliminates the requirement for board approval of the ‘final form’ of agreement if, at the time of approval, all of the material terms are determinable through information and materials presented to or known by the board, and second, the new DGCL § 268(b) clarifies that disclosure schedules and the like are not required to be a part of the merger agreement for board approval pursuant to DGCL § 251(b). Doubling up on the results of Activision, in response to the Court’s finding of a violation of DGCL § 251(c) where the corporation had included a brief summary of the merger agreement in the proxy statement sent with a separate notice to the stockholders that did not include a brief summary of the merger agreement, a new DGCL § 232(g) allows a corporation to satisfy the stockholder notice requirement for a merger agreement when such agreements and brief summaries are “enclosed with the stockholder notice or annexed or appended to the notice.” A third byproduct of the Activision decision, a new DGCL § 268(a) allows a board to approve and file a certificate of incorporation of the surviving corporation of a merger following the effectiveness of the merger if the surviving entity will be wholly-owned and controlled by the buyer and all of the shares of capital stock of the constituent corporation issued and outstanding immediately before the effective time of the merger are converted into or exchanged for cash, property, rights or securities (other than stock of the surviving corporation). In Crispo v. Musk, the Court denied a stockholder plaintiff’s claim for lack of standing where the plaintiff sued for ‘lost stockholder premium’ damages despite a provision in the merger agreement that specified that the buyer would be liable for ‘lost stockholder premium’ in the event buyer breached the merger agreement. DGCL § 261(a)(1) specifically allow parties to a merger agreement to include provisions requiring the payment of penalties and ‘lost stockholder premiums’ in the event the merger is not consummated and allow parties to enforce these payment provisions. New DGCL § 261(a)(2) confirms that the stockholders of a constituent party to a merger agreement may irrevocably appoint one or more persons to serve as a representative of all stockholders and delegate to such person the exclusive authority to enforce the rights of all stockholders under such agreement, after consummation of the transaction as an agent of the stockholders of the constituent corporation whose shares are canceled and converted in the merger into the right to receive cash or other property, and to enter into a binding settlement on behalf of all shareholders, a principal of corporate law. Seemingly, this amendment codifies stockholder representative authority articulated by the Court in Aveta Inc. v. Cavallieri, where the Court found that the stockholders were bound to the results of a post-closing adjustment and subsequent arbitration decision when the stockholders appointed a stockholder representative to represent the stockholders and the representative utilized facts ascertainable outside the merger agreement to derive post-closing adjustments on behalf of all stockholders using a calculation method clearly and expressly set forth in the merger agreement and subsequently pursued the final determination through the use of a neutral arbitrator.
July 25, 2024
Mergers and Acquisitions
Fine Wine, Cheese and M&A?
What do wine and cheese have to do with M&A? Well, unlike fine wine and good cheese, M&A transactions don’t age well (I heard this analogy recently at a TAB Board meeting). M&A transactions are driven by timing considerations, both internal and external. Market conditions continually change and having your transaction consummated when the market is most receptive is paramount. Missing the mark can have heavy consequences on items such as taxation or valuation. Likewise, internal commitment and momentum make for efficient transactions. Deals require continual, steady movement forward; transactions without momentum waffle and struggle to gain pace. Some timing can be controlled by the parties. For example, responding to inquiries and questions as quickly as possible. Letting emails sit, even for a day, can have major impacts given that most M&A transactions have many parties involved. Slow-moving parties can trigger rippling impacts that may lead to unintended consequences. M&A transactions do not adhere to a 9 am to 5 pm workday. I always advise clients, especially sell-side clients, that they should work their business 9 am to 5 pm and sell their businesses 5 pm to midnight (and of course weekends). Like a marathon runner, M&A deals need to find the pace and stick to that pace to finish the race strong! Originally posted 1/22/21, no content changes.
July 24, 2024
Intellectual Property
Protecting Your Most Important Asset: Why Trademark Registration Matters
What would you do with an asset with an almost infinite lifespan that symbolizes your company to your customers? And if that asset was your company’s most valuable asset? You’d protect it, of course. If you run a business of any type, you have such an asset: a trademark, often referred to as a brand name. The question is, are you protecting it? Trademarks reportedly account for about one-third of the stock market value of companies in the S&P 500. If your company is not protecting one of its most important assets, it is putting that asset at risk. The first step in protecting a trademark is registering it with the U.S. Trademark Office. This legal process is best handled by lawyers and involves some costs. In many cases, the cost to register in the U.S. is under $5,000, although it can exceed that amount. Renewal costs are generally under $2,500, with renewal needed every ten years. Given the nearly unlimited lifespan of a trademark, these costs are well worth it when considering the benefits of registration. Banks Will Take Trademarks as Collateral for Loans Some banks, such as IDB, will accept a security interest in a company’s trademarks as collateral for a loan. In today’s business landscape, where many businesses operate virtually and lack significant physical assets, having an asset that a bank can lend against can be crucial for a company’s growth. However, without a registered trademark, a bank may be unwilling to lend against it. At best, the bank may impose higher lending costs if it is willing to lend against unregistered trademarks. Parties Doing Business with a Company Want Assurance that the Company’s Brand is Protected Investors considering investing in a company will want to see that it has taken steps to protect its trademarks. As part of their due diligence efforts, they will ask for the details of trademark applications or registrations. If there are no applications or registrations, providing a transparent and honest explanation is necessary. Potential partners, such as licensees or franchisees, will also want to see that the company has taken steps to protect its trademarks if they invest money to do business with the company, whether by opening a franchised store or manufacturing and selling licensed goods; these partners will want assurance that the company has protected their mutual investment. Trademarks are Crucial to a Company’s Value As noted, a significant portion of a company’s value can be attributed to its brand. Companies with strong brands deliver better value to their shareholders.[1] The value of those assets is critical in business valuations, mergers, or acquisitions, providing leverage and opportunities for future sales and expansion. If you are considering selling your business and retiring, trademark registration can significantly increase its value. Given this potential boost, isn’t the cost of registration worth it? Trademark Registrations May Prevent Others from Registering the Same or a Similar Mark Trademark registrations are listed in the Federal Trademark Office’s online database, which is publicly available and searchable. Anyone searching for a similar trademark should find any registrations that your company owns. Upon discovering your company’s registration, third parties may drop or change their plans. Additionally, when the Trademark Office examines applications filed by others, it will refuse the registration of the same or similar marks for the same or related goods and services. However, if your mark is not registered, the Trademark Office will not block the registration of the same or a similar mark. The Trademark Office only reviews its records during the examination process. It does not search the marketplace, which can result in a competitor registering a similar mark. While it is possible to challenge such a registration, doing so can be costly in terms of time and money. It is far better to prevent this situation by ensuring your mark is registered in the first place. While the Trademark Office will block potentially infringing third-party applications, it does not take action to stop third parties from infringing your company’s trademark. The responsibility to enforce trademark rights falls on the trademark owner. Further, once your company’s mark is registered, you gain nationwide rights that can be enforced against subsequent users. Without a registration, your rights are limited to the geographic area in which your company operates. One other thing. Forming a company with the state is not the same as registering a trademark. The state does not check to see if your name will infringe on anyone else’s name when you form a company. Having a Trademark Registration Makes Enforcement Easier on Online Platforms If someone uses your mark without authorization on social media or an online shopping platform, having a trademark registration makes it easier to enforce your company’s rights and have the online platform take action to stop the infringement. A registration allows the platform to verify your rights, which they cannot do if your company has no trademark registration. Additionally, a trademark registration grants your company access to online protection mechanisms, such as Amazon’s Brand Registry. In cybersquatting cases, which still occur, having a trademark registration simplifies proving your case and recovering the domain name in question. However, a trademark registration does not automatically entitle your company to the corresponding domain name. Legal Benefits of Registration Having a trademark registration provides certain legal advantages. For example, lawsuits for infringement of federal trademark registrations can be filed in federal court. In such cases, registration entitles the trademark owner to a legal presumption of ownership, the right to use the mark, and the mark’s validity (validity presumption applies only to registrations on the Principal Register). These presumptions can streamline court proceedings and reduce legal expenses. Without registration, your company must prove ownership, usage rights, and protection eligibility in every enforcement action, resulting in increased costs. Additionally, marks registered on the Principal Register can achieve incontestable status after five years of registration, provided an appropriate filing is made with the Trademark Office. Incontestable status means the registration can only be challenged on specific, limited grounds. Furthermore, registered marks can use the ® symbol to indicate they are registered. This can prevent third parties from adopting similar marks and, more importantly, prevent infringers from arguing in a lawsuit that your company waived its right to damages by not using the ® symbol. Using the ® symbol helps ensure you do not inadvertently leave money on the table. Foreign Trademark Registrations A U.S. trademark registration does not afford trademark protection outside the U.S.; trademark rights must be protected country by country. However, a U.S. trademark registration can serve as the basis for trademark filings abroad and enable your company to benefit from certain international treaties that may reduce the cost of filing in other countries. Recording Registrations with Customs and Border Protection (CBP) A trademark registration on the Principal Register can be recorded with Customs and Border Protection (CBP). However, there is a fee for this service. Recording your registration with CBP allows them to monitor goods coming into the country. If CBP identifies goods with an infringing or counterfeit mark, they will stop their importation and seize the items. While CBP may request verification that the goods are not legitimate, once that confirmation is provided, CBP will manage the seizure process. Conclusion Trademark registration offers several cost-saving benefits. Legal presumptions and the status of incontestable registrations can reduce court costs. Additionally, registered marks make it easier to enforce rights online. A U.S. trademark registration can also reduce the costs of filing for registrations in other countries and can be recorded with CBP to assist in enforcing your rights. Beyond these cost-reducing benefits, trademarks are high-value assets that can serve as collateral for loans and that investors and business partners will want to see. Therefore, trademarks should be protected with the same diligence as any other asset. Failing to protect this asset can result in its loss and a subsequent loss in value for the company — an outcome no company would or should permit. [1] See The top 100 most valuable global brands 2013 (marketingweek.com).
July 24, 2024
Healthcare
MSO Ownership issues for Medical Spas
There are a number of compliance issues involved with running a medical spa. These issues often overlap. Our experienced healthcare compliance lawyers can help you sort out these issues which include: What is a Medical Spa? What entity should a medspa use? What do medical professionals need to understand about owning and operating a medical spa?Medical spas and the practice of medicine Medical spa compliance requirements Who can own a medical spa? What is the role of an MSO in a Medical Spa? Additional benefits of using an MSO for a medical spa Some of these issues we’ve discussed already (just follow the red links). What is a Medical Spa? According to the American Med Spa Association, a “medical spa” (also called a medspa, a med spa, and a Medi Spa) is a: “Branded term for a medical practice where a patient can go for a variety of cosmetic and (typically) non-invasive procedures, ranging from Botox to chemical peels and laser treatments.” Investors and owners of medspas need to review the legal compliance issues that medspas must follow based on their type of practice, the state where the medspa is located, and other factors. Health businesses such as health and wellness centers and IV hydration centers should understand their comparable regulatory compliance issues. What entity should a Medical Spa use? “Owning” a healthcare venture usually involves two business entities: A PC (professional corporation) or PLLC (Professional limited liability corporation) A second company (an MSO) that owns the management and marketing team. An MSO is usually either an S-corporation (for a small number of owners) or an LLC The three legs of a medical practice are: Generally, the medical staff (doctors, physician assistants, and nurses) work for the PC or LLC. Generally, the bookkeepers, accountants, marketers, schedulers, and phone staff are hired by the MSO. A contract between the PC/LLC and the MSO explains the services the MSO will provide – at fair market value – to the healthcare entity. WHAT ENTITY SHOULD I USE FOR MY MEDSPA? Many medical spa, IV hydration, and health and wellness center clients call us with this question: can you help us with “entity formation”? Which entity should I use? What do medical professionals need to understand about owning and operating a medical spa? Medical spas and the practice of medicine Medspa businesses need to understand which of the services the medspas provide are “medical.” In most states, many more services are considered medical than an investor or owner might think. Examples include any diagnosis, treatment, or operation of a patient. Any prescription for any human disease, injury, pain, deformity, or other physical or mental condition of someone is considered as the practice of medicine in most states. Many “cosmetic” treatments are “medical treatments.” Each state has specific qualifications for who can perform medical services on a patient and to whom that healthcare provider can delegate the specific services– provided the delegation is in the appropriate scope of practice. Medical spa compliance requirements Owners of medical spas should consult with experienced healthcare lawyers to understand their legal requirements. Each state has different requirements. One common requirement is called “the corporate practice of medicine (CPOM). “This state law requirement is enacted to ensure that ‘only licensed physicians or entities wholly owned by licensed physicians practice medicine, thus limiting the commercialization of medicine by non-physicians.’” Generally, licensed MDs and DOs can own and operate a medspa in every state. Who can own a medical spa? Some states permit a licensed physician to partner with nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), or registered nurses – to open a medspa. There are often limitations. California’s CPOM law requires that at least 51% must be owned by the licensed physicians. Non-physicians can have an interest in a medspa through an MSO. The MSO’s purpose is to provide different types of support (management, marketing, technical, and administrative) to other businesses such as medical practices. The core idea to keep in mind is that the medical practice and the MSO work together so that the medical practice can focus on providing the best medical care possible to the practice’s patients while the MSO manages the business side of the practice. In this way: The physicians are providing care based on the patient’s best needs and the financial needs of the patient. The medical practice keeps its responsibility to house the medical equipment and hire the medical staff. The MSO is providing the best care for the business side of the practice while ensuring that the MSO does not interfere with medical/clinical decisions. The MSO agreement (also called a management services agreement – MSA) helps establish these parameters. The MSO receives a fair market value fee and has no investment in the profits of the business. The MSO will also provide the terms for any leasing arrangements. Often, for example, the MSO will purchase office space and medical equipment that the MSO leases to the medical practice. Leasing is just one of the one the use of an MSO can help the medical practice comply with Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS). The owners of the medspa determine the salaries and profit shares for each owner through their corporate bylaws, partnership agreements, or other legal methods. One related issues, we’re often asked about regarding the structure of a medical spa is: Can non-physicians hire a medical doctor for their medical spa? As we’ve discussed: Medical practices such as medspas should avoid using the term “medical director.” Medical physicians direct clinics, not business ventures. The MSO should not make flat-fee payments to a medical director because that could violate Stark Law and the federal and state anti-kickback laws. Only doctors can own a majority stake in the medical spa. Licensed nurses and other designated clinicians can own up to 49% of the medical spa. Anyone (a doctor, clinician, or layperson) can own any percentage or even 100% of an MSO. DO YOU KNOW THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 4 AMBULATORY SAFE-HARBORS TO THE FEDERAL ANTI-KICKBACK STATUTE (AKS)? There are four types of ambulatory safe harbors in the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. We explain the key differences between the ambulatory safe harbors to the federal anti-kickback statute (AKS) CAN YOU GET A MEDICAL DOCTOR OR MEDICAL DIRECTOR FOR YOUR MEDSPA? We’re awash–pardon the pun–in medical spas, IV hydration centers, nurses opening healthcare practices, multidisciplinary centers, and health and wellness groups of all types. This stuff is […] Additional benefits of using an MSO for a medical spa An MSO can help a medical spa in many ways including: Helping the medspa comply with various federal and state regulatory compliance requirements such as the three we discussed above – The corporate practice of medicine, Stark Law, and the AKS. You should always start with a legal review of your healthcare compliance issue. An experienced MSO can help create and enforce procedures such as keeping accurate records, implementing HIPAA compliance, and many other compliance laws and regulations. Handling the administrative work. An MSO can help a medical spa by managing payroll, managing human resources (provided medical decisions are left to the clinical side of the practice), and implementing a scheduling system. Handling the medical coding and billing. MSOs can help medical spas by setting up an invoicing system, assigning the proper insurance codes so the insurance carriers will pay the medspa’s claims, and working to collect the payments for the medspa service from the insurance companies and whatever sums the patient owes. Providing the technological support the medical practice needs. This support includes such software as practice management software, electronic health records (EHR) systems, and software tools to increase the productivity of the medical practice. Providing financial support. An MSO for a medical spa can provide billing management, regular financial reports, and handle the contracts with insurance companies. Obtaining and leasing office space. An MSO can help a medical spa find office space, negotiate the lease, and manage the office. As we mentioned above, the MSO can even buy the office space and lease the space to the medical practice. Leasing office space, if properly done, is considered an exception/safe harbor under the Stark Law and AKS statutes. Training the staff. While MSOs cannot provide any clinical training, MSOs can ensure that the medical staff understands their compliance requirements as reviewed with legal counsel. Helping with the hiring of administrative staff. MSOs can decide who to hire provided the people being hired are not working for the clinical side of the medical practice. Helping with healthcare professionals’ credentials. While an MSO for a medical spa can’t decide which healthcare professionals to hire, the medspa can review a healthcare professional’s credentials. Our healthcare professionals will help your medical practice determine which personnel are considered healthcare professionals and what their medical license and certification requirements are. Purchasing equipment, supplies, and medications. An MSO can’t make decisions about the medical quality of medical product purchases but the MSO can purchase specific medical products for the medical spa. We’ll review your medspa’s Stark Law and AKS compliance issues and how an MSO can help. Helping a meds spa practice in differing locations. Healthcare providers and non-healthcare providers who wish to operate a medical spa need to understand the laws in their state that determine who can own a medical spa and who can manage a medical spa. Once there is a determination about who the owners should be, legal decisions need to be made regarding the business structure of the medical spa. Generally, an MSO is a preferred choice for helping to separate the medical side of the practice from the business side of the practice to ensure patient care comes first.
July 22, 2024
Business
Figure These Two Things Out Before You Sell Your Business
Your business is in good shape and you’re feeling ready to sell. You have your key value drivers in place: skilled employees, strong sales numbers, a pattern of consistent growth. You’ve assembled an advisory team, conducted a thorough sweep of your organizational records, and eliminated the proverbial skeletons in your closet. You’ve also performed the deep, difficult work of preparing yourself emotionally and psychologically for the journey ahead. Time to hit the gas—right? Perhaps, not quite yet. Yes, all of the above are fundamental success factors and important steps to take before engaging in a merger, acquisition, or another type of business transaction. But they’re only the basics. Polishing every surface and tightening every screw won’t make a difference if the business isn’t built on a rock-solid foundation. To adequately prepare for M&A, business owners need to proactively strategize and fortify their organizations for potential curveballs. As a seller, you need to think ten steps ahead of a buyer. You need to know what they want before they want it. It pays to err on the side of paranoia. Here are two critical questions every seller must answer before stepping into the market: 1. Is the Business Structured Correctly? One factor sellers frequently ignore is business entity structure. The way your business is structured today may not be the ideal structure during an M&A transaction. Say your company is operating as an S corporation. You have detailed records of your finances and meetings, a strong leadership team in place, and—best of all—lower taxes than you’d have if the company was structured differently. You may think this shows prudent business management—and in most cases, it would. In M&A, however, S corps at times fare poorly. That’s because certain buyers like to acquire LLC interests—not S corporation stock. The same vehicle that may shield you from high tax payments may create obstacles for a buyer during a sale. In an environment less robust than the current market, it even could cause a potential buyer to pass on the deal. Thus, as an S corporation owner, you may need to do an “F-reorganization,” a tax-free structuring technique that changes your business so that you’re selling LLC interests. A corporate restructure may improve your chances of closing the eventual sale. If you do have to restructure, you’ll need to do so in the pre-transaction phase. 2. Are Employees in It for The Long Run? Your people are the lifeblood of your business. Without them, your organization wouldn’t be worth what it is, nor would it be well-equipped for continued success in the future. Most sellers realize this, and yet a fair number neglect to lock down their key employees until well into the transaction. These business owners compartmentalize the deal and their day-to-day business operations separately. What they don’t realize is one domain frequently spills over into the other. A rocky M&A negotiation damages employee morale, and vice versa. By the time a transaction is nearly consummated, an ill-prepared business may have missed projections or dropped in value due to unexpected employee departures. Always stay focused on your employee engagement and retention rates—before and during the transaction. Figure out how you’ll incent your people to cooperate and continue performing at their best while the deal is pending, and to stay with the new ownership after you’ve closed. Put plans into place early, well in advance of courting a buyer. The longer you wait, the less effective your efforts will be. For sellers, employee retention and business structure are two vital pre-transaction considerations. But they’re only a couple of many. If you’re thinking about selling your business, you need to prepare for anything and everything that could go wrong. Familiarize yourself with Murphy’s law, and start strategizing as soon as possible. Forethought and planning today can save you serious time, money, and frustration tomorrow. Originally posted 12/20/2019, no content changes
July 18, 2024
Labor and Employment
California Labor & Employment Update: PAGA Reform
On July 1, 2024, Governor Newsom signed Senate Bill 92 and Assembly Bill 2288, amending The Private Attorneys General Act (PAGA). The amendments are effective June 19, 2024, but do not affect civil actions that were filed or cases where the required notice to the employer and the Labor Workforce Development Agency (“LWDA”) was submitted prior to June 19, 2024. The amendment was a compromise reached among Governor Newsom, business leaders and the unions to remove a measure to repeal PAGA from the November ballot. PAGA has been tough on businesses in California. While the amendments are helpful, businesses still need to be vigilant to avoid the penalties under PAGA. PAGA was enacted in California in 2004, allowing employees to file lawsuits against employers for violations of the labor code on behalf of themselves, other employees, and the state of California. The law essentially deputizes employees to act as private attorneys general and to pursue civil penalties for violations that would typically only be enforceable by state labor agencies. If an employee believes there has been a violation of the California Labor Code by their employer, the employee can then file a claim under PAGA. Claims can include a broad range of violations ranging from overtime to meal and rest breaks. Part of the penalties recovered are distributed to the state, with affected employees and their legal representation receiving the remainder. The following summarizes the most significant changes to PAGA: Individual Plaintiffs Must Have Suffered a Violation for Each Claim Made in their Complaint. There are several changes to PAGA, but the most significant for businesses is that a plaintiff be able to prove that they were subject to the specific PAGA violations upon which their complaint is based. Previously, a plaintiff, with one violation, could allege that the employer violated every section of the Labor Code. For example, if the plaintiff only suffered meal period violations, they cannot now bring an action for unpaid overtime. While this should limit some PAGA litigation and penalties, it will probably result in multi-plaintiff lawsuits, with employee plaintiffs alleging that they suffered differing violations. Ability to Cure Once a Labor and Workforce Development Agency Notice if Received. The amendments expand when employers can cure violations when they receive the LWDA notice to avoid PAGA litigation. However, it is unclear in the new legislation exactly how much is needed to cure the violation and make the employee whole. What this provision does do is make it more important for employees to immediately contact counsel once they receive an LWDA notice to be able to audit their practices and attempt to cure them where allowed. Early evaluation conference. The bill would also authorize an employer who employed at least 100 employees and who has been served with a summons and complaint asserting a claim under PAGA to file a request and participate in an early evaluation conference and to request a stay of court proceedings. The employer has the ability to cure violations by using this procedure. The requirements are very specific and must occur shortly after the service of any action on the employer. As a result, employers should take care to avail themselves of this new procedure because if the employer cures the violations as set forth in the procedures for the Early Evaluation Conference, the penalties are capped at $15 per employee. Penalty Reductions. One of the most difficult elements of PAGA are the penalties. The new legislation: (a) revises the penalty structure and reduces it in certain situations; (b) encourages compliance with labor laws by capping penalties on employers who quickly take steps to fix policies and practices and make workers whole after receiving a PAGA notice, as well as on employers that act responsibly to take steps proactively to comply with the labor code before even receiving a PAGA notice; (c) creates new, higher penalties on employers who act maliciously, fraudulently or oppressively in violating labor laws; and (d) ensures that more of the penalty money goes to employees by increasing the amount allocated to employees from 25% to 35%. Some examples of reduced penalties are as follows: Penalty Cap Reductions for Employers Who Take “All Reasonable Steps” to Comply with the Labor Code. Penalties are reduced by 15% or 30% if a person accused of a violation has taken all reasonable steps to comply with the provisions alleged to have been violated in the required notice provided by the aggrieved employee. Reasonable steps may include, but are not limited to, any of the following: (1) The employer conducted periodic payroll audits and took action in response to the results of the audit. (2) The employer disseminated lawful written policies. (3) The employer trained supervisors on applicable Labor Code and wage order compliance or took appropriate corrective action with regard to supervisors. The amendments to PAGA state that whether the employer’s conduct was reasonable shall be evaluated by the totality of the circumstances and take into consideration the size and resources available to the employer and the nature, severity and duration of the alleged violations. The amendments further provide that the existence of a violation, despite the steps taken, is insufficient to establish that an employer failed to take all reasonable steps. Employers with Weekly Pay Periods. The amendments reduce penalties for employers with weekly pay periods by one-half, effectively calculating penalties as if the employer had bi-weekly pay periods. PAGA has significantly impacted labor law enforcement in the state, and these new reform measures will hopefully streamline the law even further. Employers should work with legal counsel to fully understand the details of this reform and any action that should be taken at this time. Given the new penalty structure, employers need to act quickly once they receive notice of a potential PAGA action. Quick action can help to reduce and/or eliminate some of the penalties.
July 17, 2024
Healthcare
Should NPs, PAs and MDs be 1099 or Employees?
In today’s video, we’ll discuss whether nurse practitioners and physician assistants can be 1099 contractors in a medical practice in California. Hi, I’m Michael H. Cohen. I’m founding attorney of Cohen Healthcare Law Group. We help healthcare industry clients like you navigate the complex terrain of healthcare and FDA law so you can grow, launch, scale your healthcare business. So generally, it’s almost always legally safer in a highly regulated, highly litigious environment such as California or similar states for a practice, a medical practice to pay its clinical service providers as W2 employees. In general, depending on the state, penalties can be very high for misclassifying employees as independent contractors. Classifying nurse practitioners and physician assistants as employees can bring several risk mitigation benefits. Secondly, mitigates the risk of a disgruntled worker leaving the practice and then finger pointing at the practice on, you know, the behest of a plaintiff’s attorney saying that they were illegally misclassified as 1099 when they should have been a W2 and received salary and employment benefits. Now, of course, contractors can be more profitable and healthcare startups weigh the legal risk against the business advantages. So, some healthcare entities do assume the risk of misclassification. I mean, I wouldn’t push it too far, but they do pay workers on a 1099 basis. But they should know that the control test is what normally applies. So, the more control the healthcare business has over the worker, the more likely the worker is going to be classified as an employee, not a 1099. Now, if the worker is providing minimal part time services to the practice, arguably there’s less control. But even then, you can never totally eliminate the risk of misclassification. Now be aware that physicians, aka licensed medical doctors, cannot be employed by general corporation or LLC like an MSO, like a medical spa or IV hydration clinic. That’s not a professional corp if there’s a strong corporate practice of medicine doctrine. So, in those cases, the MSO contracts with the professional medical corporation in a medical service agreement. This is the well-known MSO model and it’s designed to protect against unlicensed and corporate practice of medicine. Thanks for watching. Please let us know if you have questions. We help industry clients just like you every day in similar ventures and we wish you all the success and we look forward to talking to you soon. Testimonials
July 16, 2024
Healthcare
Using the terms “Organic,” Healthy,” and “Natural” on Food Labeling
The term “natural” is often used to describe food. The question is – what does the term mean? The same confusion applies to terms like “organic” and “healthy.” The FDA provides little guidance on these issues. Legislation has been proposed that would help clarify these terms but so far, generally, there are no specific laws that define these terms and how the FDA is supposed to monitor and regulate the use of these terms. FDA authority over labeling food The Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate food based on the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (enacted in 1938) and amended in 1997 by the United States Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA). The claims that can be made on food labels include “health claims, nutrient content claims, and structure/function claims.” REGULATORY COMPLIANCE FOR COSMETICS, NUTRITION, AND CANNABIS COMPANIES – PART 2 Regulatory compliance of cosmetics, diet, and CBD products including FDA misbranding and adulteration, FTC compliance, labeling requirements, and other legal issues. The use of the term “organic” on food labels The FDA “does not regulate the use of the term ‘organic’ on food labels.” Any regulation of the term “organic” on food labels is regulated by the National Organic Program (NOP) which is regulated by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). These regulations are separate from the FDA regulations. “Food products that are ordinarily under the FDA’s jurisdiction and labeled with organic claims must comply with both USDA NOP regulations for the organic claim and FDA regulations for food labeling and safety.” WHY AM I A HEALTHCARE AND FDA LAWYER At a surface level this is a story of professional development whose roots go deep into my childhood, the fact that I’m I healthcare lawyer. The use of the term “healthy” on food labels According to the FDA, foods that use the claim “healthy” must meet specific “nutrient-related criteria.” The FDA is seeking to update when the term “healthy” can be used so the term comports with current nutrition science and federal dietary guidance. For example, the FDA states that: “The agency also remains committed to continuing to create a healthier food supply through its recently released guidance to reduce sodium in processed, packaged and prepared foods; to providing consumers with valuable and accessible nutrition and labeling information about the foods they eat; and to providing industry with recommendations on how to use and improve dietary guidance statements on food packaging.” The FDA issued a proposed/rule defining the word “healthy” on September 28, 2022. The use of the term “natural” on food labels The FDA did request around 2016 for comments on the use of the term “natural” on food labeling for humans. The FDA stated that the agency was seeking comments based on three Citizen Petitions asking the FDA to define the term “natural” in food labeling and one Petition asking that the term be prohibited. The FDA also sought comments based on federal court comments requesting “administrative determinations from the FDA regarding whether food products containing ingredients produced using genetic engineering or foods containing high fructose corn syrup may be labeled as ‘natural.’” The FDA states that the agency (while it hasn’t announced a specific rule): “Has considered the term ‘natural’ to mean that nothing artificial or synthetic (including all color additives regardless of source) has been included in, or has been added to, a food that would not normally be expected to be in that food.” “This policy was not intended to address food production methods, such as the use of pesticides, nor did it explicitly address food processing or manufacturing methods, such as thermal technologies, pasteurization, or irradiation. The FDA also did not consider whether the term ‘natural’ should describe any nutritional or other health benefit.” The FDA sought guidance on: “Whether it is appropriate to define the term ‘natural?’” What the definition of “natural,” should be “How the agency should determine appropriate use of the term on food labels.” FDA PROPOSES UPDATES TO NUTRITION FACTS LABEL ON FOOD PACKAGES The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today proposed to update the Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods to reflect the latest scientific information. The Nutrition Facts Label The FDA, in 2016, updated its Nutrition Facts label requirements on packaged foods and drinks. The new design and information aim to help consumers make better and healthier food choices. The 2016 label requirements address the following issues: The serving size. The servings per container and how big a serving size is will appear in large, bold font. The serving size (which is not a recommendation of how much to eat) will better reflect what people truly eat and drink. The amount of calories. The amount of calories in the package will also be in large, bold font. The standard amount of calories (allowing for adjustments based on age, height, weight, sex, and physical activity level) is 2,000 calories each day. The percent daily value. This value “shows how much a nutrient in a serving of food contributes to a total daily diet.” Generally low value is 5% or less of a nutrient per serving while 20% is considered high. Nutrient list. Information that is no longer required includes the calories from fat (because the type of fat is more important) and whether the food or drink has Vitamin A or C. The nutrition label does need to include the amount of added sugars (sugars added to the food process, sweeteners, and “sugars from syrups and honey, and sugars from concentrated fruit or vegetable juices.”) The levels of calcium and iron continue to be required. The presence and level of Vitamin D and potassium. These nutrients can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis and high blood pressure, respectively. The Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011 The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) of 2011 (not 2023), according to the FDA, is “transforming the nation’s food safety system by shifting the focus from responding to foodborne illness to preventing it.” FDA has: “Finalized several rules to implement FSMA, recognizing that ensuring the safety of the food supply is a shared responsibility among many different points in the global supply chain for both human and animal food. The FSMA rules are designed to make clear specific actions that must be taken at each of these points to prevent contamination.” A proposed Food Labeling Modernization Act of 2023 According to Food Navigator, the Food Labeling Modernization Act of 2023 (revised since 2018) has been proposed in both houses of Congress to establish a “single, standard front-of-package nutrition labeling system that would clearly distinguish between produces of greater or lesser nutritional value.” According to the Centers for Science in the Public Interest, the Food Labeling Modernization Act (FLMA) of 2023 would “align labeling regulations with the latest nutrition science and advance national public health priorities through food labeling policies.” The proposed law aims to provide online information, new health information, and counter misleading claims. The 2032 proposed FLMA aims to address the following issues: Front-of-Package Labeling. The proposed law directs the FDA “to establish a standard front-of-package nutrition labeling system for all of the packaged foods it regulates.” This system would complement the Nutrition Facts Label discussed above and “would clearly convey when high levels of sodium, added sugar, or saturated fat (nutrients linked to chronic disease)” are present– comparable to what has already been done in Canada, Child, and other countries. Sodium substitution. “The FLMA would amend ‘standards of identity’ to allow salt substitution across all packaged foods.” Reducing the amount of sodium intake can lower the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Online grocery items. The proposed law would require that Nutrition Facts, ingredient, and allergen information now on packages be available for online grocery items. Consumers can benefit from online information while they’re shopping. Deceptive labeling. The proposed law aims to address promises that food is healthy when it’s not. For example, “many people don’t know that terms like ‘wheat,’ ‘multigrain,’ and ‘made with whole grain’ tell us nothing about the amount of whole grains in a food.” The new law would require that products that have whole grain claims include the percentage of whole grains in the products. Fruit & Vegetable Claims. Many products that look or sound like there is a lot of fruit or vegetables only have a minimum amount that don’t “provide the same health benefits as fresh, frozen, or canned produce.” Access to concealed information. The FLMA will require that the risks of certain food products like too much caffeine (especially for people who are pregnant, take certain medications or supplements, or have certain health conditions) be disclosed. “The FLMA would require disclosure of caffeine content in foods with more than 10 milligrams of caffeine per serving.” The proposed 2023 FLMA will address other issues including gluten-containing grains. “Passage of the FLMA will require food labels to reveal potentially harmful ingredients.” Food manufacturers and sellers should inform consumers about their products honestly and according to the current laws. Claims such as that a food or drink is “organic,” “healthy,” or “natural,” may be subject to review by the FDA, the USDA, and other agencies – especially if new laws such as the Food Labeling Modernization Act of 2023 are enacted.
July 16, 2024
Estates and Trusts
Estate Planning for Young Professional Athletes: A Comprehensive Guide
The Barclay’s Center in Brooklyn recently buzzed with the first round of the NBA draft — a gathering of young, exceptionally talented players hoping to be drafted to a professional team, the pinnacle and the reward for years of hard work and dedication. As young athletes, their focus rightly revolves around training, competition, and achieving a peak performance. However, it's also important for them to consider their financial future, particularly given the short average duration of an athletic career —only 3.5 to 5.6 years, according to The Bleacher Report. As a result, it is imperative that young athletes start off on the right foot immediately to protect their hard-earned assets, their potentially brief career, and their loved ones. While so many assume that the topic of estate planning is for an older demographic, beginning early can provide peace of mind and secure the athlete’s hard-earned wealth for the future. Why Should Young Athletes Consider an Estate Plan? Financial Security: While athletes can earn significant income early in their careers, the average professional athlete only earns between $362,000 - $680,000 per season, according to the Motley Fool. Proper estate planning is key to ensuring that the young athlete’s assets, whether substantial or not, are managed and protected, providing a stable and secure financial future beyond their career. Uncertainty of Career Length: The length of a professional athlete’s career is highly unpredictable. Injuries, even minor ones, can abruptly end a career or lead to being sidelined, benched, traded, or marginalized. Additionally, the physical demands of professional athlete’s training schedules and physical demands can diminish athletic abilities over time. An estate plan serves as a safety net in case of unexpected events. Family Protection: Many athletes come from families that have collectively pooled their resources to provide the support that propelled the young athlete to the professional arena. When athletes succeed, they often want to protect those who have supported them. The athlete is often relied upon to ensure financial security for themselves and their larger family of origin. An estate plan ensures that the athlete and their family are protected, especially if their career ends earlier than expected. The “Plays” of an Athlete’s Estate Plan Last Will and Testament: A Will is a legal document that outlines how assets will be distributed after death. It names beneficiaries, designates guardians for minor children, and appoints an executor to carry out the athlete’s wishes. Trusts: Often referred to as a Will “substitute,” Trusts offer more privacy, control, and flexibility over the athlete’s asset distribution than a Will. Trusts also help minimize estate taxes, protect assets from creditors and other predatory actors, and provide for loved ones in a structured manner. Power of Attorney: This document grants the athlete’s trusted advisor the authority to make financial decisions on the athlete’s behalf, especially during busy times like pre-season training. If the athlete becomes incapacitated, even temporarily, the Power of Attorney allows another trusted person to make financial decisions on their behalf. It's crucial for the athlete to choose someone who understands their unique financial situation and has their best interests at heart. Healthcare Proxy: Similar to a Power of Attorney, a Healthcare Proxy appoints a person to make medical decisions on behalf of the athlete if the athlete is unable to do so themselves. This ensures that the athlete’s healthcare wishes are respected when they are unable to make decisions themselves. Beneficiary Designations: Often overlooked, beneficiary designations on accounts direct who inherits the asset upon the athlete’s death. It is imperative that the athlete review and update beneficiary designations on life insurance policies, retirement accounts from their respective league, and other financial instruments regularly to ensure they align with the athlete’s Will, Trust, and overall estate plan. The Young Athlete’s Next Move: Assess Your Assets: The young athlete should start simple: list all their assets, including property, investments, intellectual property, and personal items. Set Goals: Determine the goals for the estate plan. What is most important? There is no one right answer: every athlete has different priorities, whether it be financial security for the family, a charitable cause, or minimizing taxes. Regardless of the goal, it can be achieved with the right plan. Consult Professionals: Avoid cautionary tales of athletes who engaged unqualified “professionals” (here’s looking at you, Tim Duncan.) Working with an experienced estate planning attorney, a competent financial advisor, and a skilled accountant will ensure a comprehensive estate plan structured and tailored to the young athlete’s needs. Regular Reviews: The life circumstances of young athletes change frequently. Being traded to a team in a new state with different estate planning rules, experiencing drastic income fluctuations, and evolving interpersonal relationships mean the estate plan must pivot to remain relevant. Regular reviews ensure the plan continues to reflect current circumstances. Estate planning can seem daunting, especially for young athletes just starting their careers. However, taking the time to plan now can provide significant benefits in the future. By securing their financial future, protecting their assets, and ensuring their loved ones are cared for, young athletes can focus on what they do best on the field, the court, or the ice.
July 12, 2024
Business
Supreme Court Overturns Chevron Deference in Landmark Loper Bright Decision
On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Loper Bright v. Raimondo and Relentless v. Department of Commerce. As expected, following oral argument, the Court overruled the Chevron deference doctrine in a 6–3 decision written by Chief Justice John Roberts. The doctrine stems from a 1984 Supreme Court case, Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc, 467 U.S. 837 (1984), establishing a two-step analysis for judicial review of statutory interpretation. Under Chevron, if a court concluded that a statute was silent or ambiguous, it had to defer to an agency’s permissible construction of the statute. Now, under Loper Bright, courts must “exercise their independent judgment” and “may not defer to an agency interpretation of the law simply because a statute is ambiguous.” Supreme Court Review: Chevron Doctrine's Applicability to Cases Post-Loper Bright In Loper Bright, two sets of fishing companies challenged a rule issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service requiring vessels operating in the Atlantic herring market to pay for a government-certified observer during their fishing trips. Applying Chevron, the district court in each case rejected the companies’ challenge to the observer rule and granted summary judgment to the government. Panels of the U.S. Courts of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and First Circuit affirmed these decisions. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari in both cases on the limited question of whether Chevron should be overruled or clarified. Supreme Court's Interpretation of APA in Loper Bright The Loper Bright decision is premised on what the majority believes is a plain text reading of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), which governs judicial challenges to agency actions. The Court specifically determined that the APA, which was not considered in Chevron, reflects the traditional understanding of the judiciary's role. This role requires courts to independently interpret the meaning of laws. The Court dismissed the notion of a “presumption” of agency expertise, explaining that resolving unclear laws falls within the court’s jurisdiction, not the agencies. Put another way, while courts may use an agency’s interpretation to help “inform their inquiry,” they cannot dictate how courts interpret the law. The Loper Bright Court also rejected the idea that Chevron promotes consistency, highlighting inconsistencies in its application. Furthermore, it concluded that adherence to Chevron is not mandated by stare decisis. Chevron had proven “unworkable” because determining whether a statute is ambiguous is an indeterminate exercise. Consequently, the Court vacated and remanded the lower court’s decisions. Supreme Court Opinion: Chief Justice Roberts and the Majority Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett joined. Justices Thomas and Gorsuch each filed concurring opinions. Justice Kagan filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Sotomayor and Jackson joined.
July 12, 2024
Family Law
What Happens to the Marital Home During Divorce?
The marital home is often one of the most significant and emotionally charged assets in a divorce. Deciding what happens to the home can be a complex and contentious process involving both financial considerations and personal attachments. There are options with regard to the Marital Home, including: Selling the HomePros: Selling the marital home is a common option, as it allows both parties to liquidate the asset and divide the proceeds. This option can give both parties a clean break and financial resources to start anew. Cons: Selling a home can be time-consuming and emotionally challenging. Additionally, market conditions may affect the sale price, potentially leading to financial losses. One Spouse Buys Out the OtherPros: If one spouse wishes to keep the home, they can buy out the other spouse’s share. This option allows one party to maintain stability, particularly if children who benefit from staying in the same home and school district are involved. Cons: The buying spouse must have the financial resources to afford the buyout, which can be substantial. Additionally, refinancing the mortgage in one spouse’s name may be necessary, which could be challenging depending on their financial situation. Co-Ownership Post-DivorcePros: In some cases, divorcing couples may agree to continue co-owning the home temporarily. This arrangement can be beneficial if the housing market is unfavorable, or the children’s needs are prioritized. Cons: Co-ownership requires ongoing cooperation and communication, which can be difficult post-divorce. There is also the risk of future disputes over maintenance costs, mortgage payments, and eventual sale. Deferred Sale (Nesting)Pros: Deferred sale or “nesting” involves spouses taking turns living in the home while the children remain there full-time. This arrangement provides stability for the children and allows both parents to share in the responsibilities of the home. Cons: This arrangement requires significant coordination and ongoing communication. It is typically a short-term solution until a more permanent arrangement can be made. Some factors may be considered in determining what to do with the Marital Home, including: Financial ConsiderationsEquity and Mortgage: The home’s equity and the remaining mortgage balance will significantly impact the decision. Both parties must consider whether they can afford the mortgage, maintenance, and associated costs. Credit and Financing: Refinancing the mortgage in one spouse’s name requires good credit and sufficient income. This step is crucial if one spouse plans to buy out the other or keep the home. Children’s NeedsStability and Continuity: If children are involved, their need for stability and continuity will be a significant consideration. Keeping the marital home may be beneficial to minimize disruption to their lives. Emotional AttachmentsPersonal Value: The emotional attachment to the home can influence decisions. It’s essential to balance emotional factors with practical financial considerations. Legal AgreementsPrenuptial and Postnuptial Agreements: Any existing agreements will play a role in determining the outcome. These documents may specify what happens to the marital home in the event of a divorce. State LawsCommunity Property vs. Equitable Distribution: State laws vary in dividing marital property. There are legal process options in determining what happens with the Marital Home, including: Negotiation and MediationCollaborative Approach: Many couples resolve the fate of the marital home through negotiation or mediation. This collaborative approach allows for more flexibility and control over the outcome. Court DecisionJudicial Ruling: The court will decide if the couple cannot agree. The judge will consider various factors, including financial circumstances, children’s needs, and each party’s ability to maintain the home. Deciding what happens to the marital home during a divorce is a complex process that requires careful consideration of financial, emotional, and legal factors. Each option—selling the home, one spouse buying out the other, co-ownership, or deferred sale—has pros and cons. The decision should be guided by the best interests of both parties and any children involved, aiming for a resolution that provides stability and fairness.
July 11, 2024
Family Law
Child Privilege Attorney in Divorce: Protecting Confidentiality and Best Interests
A Child Privilege Attorney (CPA) is a legal professional appointed to protect a child's privilege, or right to confidentiality, concerning therapeutic and counseling communications. This role is vital in divorce cases where parents may seek access to the child’s therapy records to support their custody claims or other aspects of the divorce. The Role and Responsibilities of a Child Privilege Attorney Confidentiality Advocacy: A CPA's primary responsibility is to determine whether a child's confidential communications with their therapist or counselor should be disclosed in a court proceeding. A goal of the CPA is to preserve the child’s ability to speak openly without fear that their disclosures will be used against them or their parents in court. Legal Representation: CPAs represent the child in legal proceedings, arguing the issue of privileged information. They may file motions to quash subpoenas or resist the disclosure of therapy records. Balancing Interests: While prioritizing the child's confidentiality, CPAs also consider the child's overall best interests. This might involve selectively disclosing certain information if it is deemed crucial for the child’s welfare and with appropriate safeguards. Collaborating with Therapists: CPAs work closely with the child's therapist to understand the nature of the communications and determine which parts should remain confidential. Factors in determining whether or not to waive a Child’s Privilege in Divorce Encouraging Open Communication: Children are likelier to engage honestly in therapy if they know their disclosures are private. This openness is crucial for effective mental health treatment. Protecting Mental Health: Exposure of therapy records can retraumatize children, damaging their mental health and trust in the therapeutic process. Preventing Manipulation: In contentious divorces, parents might attempt to use therapy records to manipulate custody outcomes. CPAs help prevent such misuse by safeguarding privileged information. History of Abuse or Neglect: In cases involving abuse or neglect, maintaining the child’s confidentiality can be crucial for their safety and emotional well-being. However, it may be necessary to waive to inform the court of allegations made by a child in therapy. Challenges Faced by Child Privilege Attorneys Complex Legal Landscape: Navigating the legal complexities surrounding privilege and confidentiality in family law requires a deep understanding of mental health and legal principles. Parental Opposition: CPAs often face resistance from parents who believe that accessing therapy records is, or is not, in their child’s best interests. Judicial Discretion: Judges have considerable discretion in determining whether to uphold or override privilege, making the CPA’s advocacy crucial but not always determinative. Balancing Transparency and Confidentiality: Striking the right balance between necessary disclosures and maintaining confidentiality can be challenging, especially in high-stakes custody battles. An experienced Child Privilege Attorney may be appropriate in divorce proceedings, ensuring their right to confidential therapeutic communications is protected. By safeguarding this privilege, CPAs play a critical role in promoting the child’s mental health, preventing the misuse of sensitive information, and ultimately ensuring that the child's best interests remain the central focus of divorce proceedings. As awareness of this role grows, CPAs are likely to become an increasingly integral part of family law, offering children the protection and advocacy they deserve during one of life's most challenging times.
July 11, 2024
Commercial Litigation
A Divorce Checklist – Death and Bankruptcy Considerations
A substantial portion of estate and trust litigation and post-divorce enforcement litigation (“contempt proceedings”) is rooted in failures or shortcomings in negotiations or drafting during the divorce process itself. Here is a recommended “best practices” checklist of questions developed based on my nearly three decades of bankruptcy, creditors’ rights, collection and enforcement, and estate and trust litigation. This “best practices” checklist for family law (aka matrimonial law) attorneys, divorce lawyers, those contemplating divorce, and those, perhaps, already in the throes of post-divorce contempt proceedings tracks with my recently published List of “Top 5 Divorce-related Financial Protection Failures”. It incorporates lessons learned “the hard way” from potentially avoidable situations occasioned or worsened when the questions compiled here had not been considered or, if asked, ineffectively taken into account by the drafting attorneys involved in the first instance. This checklist is a practical, check-the-box application of the “Top 5 List” broken down into specific questions to be asked and answered by all involved in the divorce process. The checklist can and should be relied upon and applied (in whole or in part, depending on the circumstances) during multiple phases of a divorce proceeding. The checklist should help guide drafting considerations during negotiations of a Property Settlement Agreement when trying to avoid or limit costly equitable distribution litigation to determine how much each spouse is equitably to receive; otherwise to be measured by what portion of which assets the judge determines most appropriate after costly hearings. The checklist similarly serves to guide drafting considerations of the final divorce decree itself. Furthermore, although the checklist is intended to reduce costs and delays associated with post-divorce litigation used to hold a non-compliant spouse accountable when not adhering to one or more financial terms of the divorce, it can be equally effective during these contempt proceedings at aiding decision-making and providing both cost-saving guidance and time-saving benefits for the user. If routinely followed and effectively applied, the checklist should serve to help avoid unintended negative financial consequences while reducing future litigation and related legal fees, costs, and delays. THE CHECKLIST Insurance Notice to Provider - Has the insurance company (and/or benefits provider) been notified and / or asked about relevant policies and procedures for irrevocably assigning policy proceeds (and precluding unilateral re-designation of beneficiaries by the insured)? Beneficiary Re-designation - Have policy beneficiaries been irrevocably re-designated to identify ex-spouse (and/or child, children, or trust) expressly by name? Account Access – Has perpetual real-time account access to policy information (including, most importantly, payment status and continuing coverage) been irrevocably established? Employment Coverage - If relying upon employer-provided insurance coverage, have conditions or contingencies been established for the continuance of coverage upon termination, or if work-related coverage benefits ceases to be provided for any reason? Premium Payments - What specific protections (e.g., Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (ILIT) or escrow) have been established to assure continuity of premium payments if the debtor-spouse refuses or is unable to pay for any reason? Real Estate Clean Title - Have you verified that there are no mechanics liens, judgment liens, or other title impediments? Premature Death - Have you analyzed and provided sufficiently for the possibility and potential impact of the premature death of either spouse? HELOC - Have you protected against additional credit extensions in addition to making appropriate arrangements for payoff or paydown? “Robbing Peter” - If an asset is to be liquidated and paid over in whole or in part, have you established consequences, contingencies, and otherwise protected against proceeds of the asset(s) being improperly disposed of, including in satisfaction of a separate financial obligation? Retitling/Disposition – Have you documented that “time is of the essence” and maximized protection of “reciprocal rights” against bankruptcy and/or failed pre-condition(s) to relinquishing, re-titling, or otherwise disposing of assets, especially real property assets? Retirement Accounts/Benefits Notice to Providers - Have all benefits managers/providers of relevant retirement accounts and benefits been given sufficient notice of all changes? Beneficiary Re-Designations - As with insurance coverages, have all beneficiaries been appropriately and irrevocably re-designated? Claim Deadlines – If in a jurisdiction with time limits on claims against a decedent’s estate (e.g., MD – 6 months), have adequate disclosures been made to assure timely action after death? Spousal Payout Elections – If applicable, have appropriate elections been irrevocably made to assure manner and means of payout after death (e.g., continuing spousal payments v. payments terminating at death)? Borrowing Restrictions – Have any outstanding loans against any retirement assets been factored in for valuation purposes and future borrowing against such assets been appropriately and irrevocably restricted? Bankruptcy Jurisdiction - Do you know what, if any, continuing jurisdiction the “divorce court” has if a bankruptcy is filed? Different Chapters - What difference, if any, would the filing of a Chapter 7, 11, 13, or “Subchapter V” bankruptcy have on your situation? “DSO’s” - Have you negotiated financial obligations regarding future PSA payments concerning whether they are subject to characterization under bankruptcy law as “domestic support obligations?” “The Automatic Stay” - Are you prepared to seek relief from the automatic stay and or pursue enforcement in bankruptcy court if a filing is forthcoming? Corporate Assets - If division and/or control of corporate assets by or between one or both of the spouses is/are to be factored, has a potential bankruptcy filing been accounted for with relevant valuation and enforcement considerations? Collectability Limitations Contempt Jurisdiction - Have you sufficiently familiarized yourself with binding local precedent regarding the scope of continuing contempt jurisdiction of the “divorce court” in the event of a bankruptcy filing? Bankruptcy Clawback/Discharge - Have you evaluated whether, and/or the likelihood of, future financial obligations might be subject to clawback or discharge in bankruptcy (and/or how the outcome/impact might differ depending on which bankruptcy chapter or sub-chapter is pursued)? Third-Party Requirements - For known assets held or controlled by third parties, has/have any specifically needed language been incorporated into the PSA, divorce decree, or contempt order to avoid later having to seek additional judicial relief as a pre-condition to third-party cooperation? Escrows/POA’s - Presuming future ex-spouse noncompliance, what, if any, limited power of attorney language and/or separate writings might be included, created, and/or escrowed to avoid, potentially altogether, future ex-spouse involvement? “Double-Duty” PSA - As a potential failsafe, have you incorporated language of present intent and otherwise satisfied necessary elements for the PSA itself to serve if/as needed as a deed, written assignment, or other ownership conveyance? (See [TWR’s “PSA as Deed”] and [TWR’s “PSA as Equitable Assignment”]
July 11, 2024
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