Category: The Weekly Scenario
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The Weekly Scenario: Virtual Maryland Wills and Trusts
Effective April 21, 2022, people can now sign their Maryland Wills and Trusts virtually. Senate Bill 36 is new legislation initiated in 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; in passing this legislation, Maryland will join several other states that permit electronic wills. To execute a valid Will in Maryland, an individual has to sign his Will in the physical presence of two witnesses. This new law allows an individual signing her Will to meet with their witnesses virtually (in their “electronic presence”) and sign their wills via an interface that supports videoconferencing and electronic signature, thus bypassing the requirement to meet in person. Thus, individuals who are hospitalized or for other reasons prefer not to visit the law office in person can put the Wills in place. After the document is electronically signed in the presence of two witnesses, a “certified paper original” of the Will is created either by the client or client’s attorney or by the client himself, in which case it must be notarized. Senate Bill 36 also made it possible to remotely execute a notarized trust agreement. It became possible to remotely execute other important estate planning documents (Powers of Attorney and Advanced Medical Directives) in 2021. While it is now possible to sign these documents electronically, I believe most attorneys will still want clients to come to the office to sign documents in person. Signing in person will allow questions to be asked and changes to be made if need be in a more formal setting.
May 20, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Governor Hogan Signed into Law the Maryland Tax Reduction Act on Friday, April 1st.
The act will cut retirement taxes by eliminating all state tax on the first $50,000 of income for retirees making up to $100,000 in federally adjusted gross income. Retirees with Maryland income will pay no state tax up to $50k. This is purported to be the largest tax reduction for Maryland residents in two decades. The tax reductions are scheduled to be phased in over five years, beginning this year. In addition, Governor Hogan will be introducing the Hometown Heroes Act to exempt retired law enforcement, fire, rescue, corrections, and emergency response workers from state tax on all retirement income specific to the profession. In 2017, the Governor exempted the first $15,000 of these employees’ income. He will push to exempt income on these professions and lower the age of eligibility from 55 to 50 years. Specifically, this bipartisan tax relief agreement includes the following provisions for FY23-FY27: Tax Relief for Retirees65 and older making up to $100,000 in retirement income, and married couples making up to $150,000 in retirement income. As a result, 80% of Maryland’s retirees will receive substantial relief or pay no state income taxes at all. ($1.55 billion) The Work Opportunity Tax Creditincentivizes employers and businesses to hire and retain workers from underserved communities that have faced significant barriers to employment. ($195 million) Family Budget Boosters: sales tax exemptions for childcare products such as diapers, car seats, baby bottles and critical health products such as dental hygiene products, diabetic care products and medical devices. ($115.6 million) Signing ceremony later this week! As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
April 15, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: New FDIC Rule to Simplify Banking for Trusts
On January 21, 2022, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) approved a new rule (going into effect on April 1, 2024) that will simplify the agency’s deposit insurance coverage regulations (after you can through 20 pages of rules!). For clients with deposits in Revocable and Irrevocable Trust accounts, the FDIC is merging the two deposit insurance categories for revocable and irrevocable trusts and applying simpler coverage rule. The point of the new rules is that they will create a consistent and (perhaps) easier process for bankers and those making deposits. Basically, the new rule is the insuring up to $250,000 for each trust beneficiary (not to exceed five beneficiaries), regardless of whether the trust is revocable or irrevocable, and regardless of any contingencies, the allocation of distributions among beneficiaries; and the maximum deposit insurance coverage of $1,250,000 per insured depository institution for trust deposits. As an example, you create a trust for your son and his three children. The Trustee can make distributions to any of the trust beneficiaries. If this trust deposits $1,000,000 in Bank 1 and $1,000,000 in Bank 2, the deposits in both banks will be protected by FDIC insurance. By contrast, if this trust deposits $1,500,000 in Bank 3, only $1,000,000 ($250,000 x 4 beneficiaries) of this account will be protected by FDIC insurance. The FDIC does not expect most trust depositors to experience any change in coverage when the rule takes effect but will be giving a two-year lead time for banks and depositors to become familiar with the new regulation.
April 1, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Planning for Diminished Capacity
There are numerous decisions that must be made when considering an estate plan. One decision to think about is who will decide things for me from a financial standpoint if I am not able to decide for myself. This could be in a temporary or permanent situation or a situation of ‘cognitive decline’ or ‘diminished capacity.’ A financial Power of Attorney (POA) is a legal document where an individual can set up a series of legal protections to deal with the contingency of incapacity. The individual, as the “principal,” can designate an “agent” to act on his behalf. Most financial POAs are durable in nature, meaning they stay in effect until the principal either recovers or dies. Some states allow springing powers, where the POA only springs into being when the principal is incapacitated. Other states don’t permit this power, so the principal’s jurisdiction is an important consideration. While many POAs are indeed broad and grant a number of powers, it is important to clarify what powers the principal wants their agent to have. For example, do they want their agent to be able to make gifts on their behalf or change a beneficiary designation on a retirement plan account? A POA is a powerful tool, but all parties should be clear about expectations. Trusts are another tool for dealing with the issue of diminished capacity. A revocable or living trust allows the person to be the grantor, beneficiary and Trustee of the trust. Thus, the individual remains in charge of the trust assets so long as they’re willing and legally competent. If the individual can no longer serve as Trustee (due to incapacity or otherwise), the successor trustee will take over and act on her behalf. A trust offers a great deal of flexibility without forcing a person to give up any control upfront. Guardianship pre-designation: For most individuals, guardianship (called “conservatorship” in some states) is a situation that generally should be avoided because it is both cumbersome and expensive. However, in many states, the individual at least can influence who would be appointed as their guardian. These states allow the individual to pre-designate or pre-plan who they would want to act as their guardian. For many states, you can pre-designate a guardian in an advance medical directive. Representative payee: An important complement to many retirees’ personal retirement assets is their Social Security. The Social Security Administration (SSA) does not accept financial POAs; instead, the SSA requires a separate designation, called a Representative Payee, to act as the agent to manage Social Security benefits in the event of incapacity. If the Social Security beneficiary hasn’t designated a desired Representative Payee in advance, in the event of loss of legal capacity, the SSA will appoint one for them. While not fun to think about, these are important issues that should be addressed in every estate plan. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
March 4, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Qualities to Look for When Choosing a Guardian for Minor Children
When you are nominating the guardian of your minor children, the goal is to provide each child as little disruption to his or her life as possible. To accomplish that, you want to choose someone who will raise your children the same way you would raise them if you were still alive. The guardian should have similar philosophies to yours about raising children, about education, about discipline and about religious or spiritual matters. A good indicator of how someone might raise your children is how they are raising their own children. If you are choosing a married person, you will need to decide whether to name just one individual (like a relative) or if you are naming the couple. You should consider what will happen if the guardians you appoint get divorced after your children have moved in with them. You will also want to consider the economic wherewithal of the guardian so that you don’t saddle them with responsibility that will overwhelm them financially. If you have more than one child and want to keep your children together, you’ll have to name a guardian that is willing and able to take all of them. All of this assumes that the person you name agrees to take your children. You should always check with them ahead of time to be sure they are willing and then name backup guardians in case circumstances change and the person who agreed in advance is unable to take the children at the actual time of your death. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
February 24, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Identity Theft and Protection of the Estate
Stolen identities and fraudulent usage of personal identifying information continues to be a big problem. These concerns grow when an estate includes digital assets that never existed only a few decades ago. As a result, being mindful of the risks of data breaches and understanding the need for the protection of electronic information have become critically important. Identity Theft of a Deceased Individual While technology allows us secure passwords, firewalls, and credit card chips to lessen the potential to become a victim, when a person dies, his identity can be illegally stolen, which is problematic for an estate that still has to safeguard assets and benefits for estate beneficiaries. Dealing with the identity theft of a deceased individual can complicate an already complex estate administration. Steps to Prevent Identity Theft of Deceased The executor of the decedent’s estate should take a number of steps depending on the specific estate. Credit card companies, banks, and places where the deceased individual had accounts should be notified. There may be estate debts that will need to be addressed, and a death certificate will be required by each company. For closed accounts, it may be a good idea to list an alert on the account that the individual is deceased to prevent theft or forgery. It may also be prudent to request a copy of the decedent’s credit report so you can check active credit cards, collection matters, or relevant account information. Some agencies that should be considered for notification include the Social Security Administration, Veteran’s Affairs, and MVA. Homeowners insurance and other service providers offer a range of identity services and indemnity coverage to address the immediate potential for financial harm. In most instances, relying on guidance from insurer experts or an identity restoration service provider can be cost-effective and efficient. Perhaps, the best protection against identity theft or fraud is to remain vigilant! As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
February 4, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: The Build Back Better Act
The Build Back Better Act did not pass in 2021. However, this is not to say that Congress won’t try to get something through in 2022 by piecing out the legislation into two bills or further trimming down programs. This takes us into the new year with the same uncertainty regarding taxation as we had in 2021. Estate and Gift Tax Exemption In 2022, the estate and gift tax exemption will climb higher to $12.06 million per individual – up from $11.7 million per individual in 2021. As such, an individual can leave $12.06 million to heirs and pay no estate or gift tax, and a married couple can pass $24.12 million estates and gift tax-free. (One version of the BBB Act included a provision that would have cut the estate and gift tax exemption to about $6 Million.) Gift Tax Annual Exclusion Amount In addition, the gift tax annual exclusion amount will increase to $16,000 for 2022, up from $15,000 since 2018. Individuals and couples will be able to give away $16,000 to as many people as they like – children, grandchildren, friends, fellow citizens, and anyone else – with no federal or gift tax consequences. Multiple annual exclusion gifts can add up significantly and do not reduce the $12 million credit. This is a simple way to reduce one’s estate. You can also make unlimited direct payments for medical and tuition expenses for as many people as you like with no gift, estate, or income tax consequence. Reducing the Likelihood of Estate Taxes The IRS taxes estates above the threshold at rates of up to 40%. By making gifts and transferring wealth early, the wealthy can reduce the likelihood of the estate tax. The state in which you reside is another consideration for gifting strategy. Seventeen states and the District of Columbia levy some form of an estate or inheritance tax (or in the case of Maryland – potentially both!), so even if you don’t qualify on the federal level, you might wind up owing taxes on a state level. As we enter 2022, regardless of what happens with tax legislation, there are steps you can take to prepare. But, first, everyone must evaluate their situations and identify opportunities. And if you have never done any estate planning and do not have a will or trust, it is essential to get this accomplished. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
January 28, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Three Common Estate Planning Mistakes
Estate planning attorneys frequently see certain common mistakes in an estate plan. Here are the three estate planning mistakes that you should be able to easily avoid. Naming Minors as Beneficiaries Beneficiary designations are a simple way to avoid probate and be certain that an asset goes to your beneficiary at death. Most life insurance policies, retirement accounts, investment accounts and other financial accounts permit you to name a beneficiary. Many well-meaning parents and grandparents name a child or grandchild as a beneficiary. However, a minor is not permitted to own property. Therefore, the financial institution will not name the minor child as the new owner. A guardian or conservator must be appointed by the court to receive the asset on behalf of the child and they must hold that asset for the minor’s benefit until the minor becomes of legal age. The guardian must file annual accountings with the court reflecting activity in the account and report on how any funds were used for the minor’s benefit until the minor becomes a legal adult. The time, effort, and expense of this are unnecessary and should be avoided. Handing a large amount of money to a child the moment they become of legal age is rarely a good idea. Leaving assets in trust for the benefit of a minor or young adult, without naming them directly as a beneficiary, is a possible alternative. Adding Joint Owners to Bank Accounts It seems like a good idea. Adding an adult child to a bank account, allows the child to help the parent with paying bills if hospitalized or lets them pay post-death bills. If the amount of money in the account is not large, that may work out okay. However, the child is considered an owner of any account they are added to. If the child is sued, gets divorced, files for bankruptcy or has trouble with creditors, that bank account is an asset that can be reached. This concept also applies to houses and other property that is owned jointly. Joint ownership of accounts after death can also be problematic if your will does not clearly state what your intentions are for that account (and even if they do, it could still result in a contest). Do those funds go to the joint owner, or should they be distributed between heirs? Analytical estate planning, that includes power of attorney and trust planning, will permit access to your assets when needed and division of assets after your death in a manner that is consistent with your intentions. Poor Choices of Co-Fiduciaries If your children have never gotten along, don’t expect that to change when you die. Recognize your children’s strengths and weaknesses and be realistic about their ability to work together when deciding who will make financial decisions under a power of attorney, health care decisions under a health care proxy and who will best be able to settle your estate. If you choose people who do not get along or do not trust each other (and never will), it will take far longer and cost more to settle your estate. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
January 18, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Estate Tax Liabilities
Protecting a Personal Representative When There are Retirement Plan Accounts In certain situations where a person has a large retirement plan account, such as an IRA, and a substantial estate tax liability, but insufficient probate assets to pay the estate tax, certain precautions may be in order. The personal representative of the estate is responsible to pay the federal and state estate tax to the extent there are probate assets. However, if a personal representative has knowledge of unpaid estate tax but distributes money to creditors of an estate instead of paying the federal and state taxing authorities, the IRS and state taxing authority can hold the personal representative liable for any unpaid taxes. Moreover, if IRA assets pass directly to a beneficiary or beneficiaries, each recipient can be held personally liable for the unpaid estate tax, generally limited to the amount of IRA distributions received. So how might a personal representative protect his or her own interests and the interests of the beneficiaries? One solution is to name a trust as the IRA beneficiary. The trust could stipulate that the Trustee will pay the estate an amount equal to the estate tax attributable to the retirement assets. The trust could also provide that the Trustee is required to pay the income taxes attributable to the IRA funds. This type of trust should be drafted to allow distributions to IRA beneficiaries, but after settling any taxes that are due. Any trust would likely be drafted as a short-term trust (2-4 years) with enough time to give the Trustee the ability to settle the tax liabilities. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
January 7, 2022
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: How to Avoid Unintentionally Disinheriting a Family Member
When an account owner dies, the assets go directly to the beneficiaries named on the account. This overrides the will or trust. Therefore, you should use care in coordinating your overall estate plan. You don’t want the wrong person ending up with the financial benefits. Too many stories to count where the individual remarried after the death of his spouse but didn’t change his IRA beneficiary form. At his death, someone else (i.e., second wife, etc.) was left out. So the intended beneficiary receives nothing from the IRA, and the retirement money went to his first wife, the named beneficiary. Many types of accounts have beneficiary forms, like U.S. savings bonds, bank accounts, certificates of deposit that can be made payable on death, investment accounts that are set up as transfer on death, life insurance, annuities and retirement accounts. Generally, beneficiary designations don’t carry over, when you roll your 401(k) to a new plan or IRA. You can name as your beneficiaries individuals, trusts, charities, donor-advised funds, or your estate. You can name groups, like “all my living grandchildren who survive me.” However, be certain that the beneficiary form lets you pass assets “per stirpes,” meaning, equally among the branches of your family. For example, say you’re leaving your life insurance to your four children. One predeceases you. Without the “per stirpes” clause, the remaining three children would divide the death proceeds. With the “per stirpes” clause, the deceased child’s share would pass to the late child’s children (your grandchildren). If you can help it, it is not recommended to leave assets to minors outright, because it creates the process of having a court-appointed guardian care for the assets, until the age of 18 in most states. Instead, you might create trusts for the minor heirs, have the trust as the beneficiary of the assets, and then have the trust pay the money to heirs over time, after they have reached legal age. You should also not name disabled individuals as beneficiaries, because it can cause them to lose their government benefits. A special needs or supplemental care trust is often a good solution. This preserves their ability to continue to receive the government benefits. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
December 24, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Roth IRA/401(k) Head to Head
Both Roth IRA and Roth 401(k) contributions are made with after-tax dollars, grow tax-free, and can be withdrawn tax-free as a qualified distribution. If you believe your tax rates are lower now than they will be when distributions are made, a Roth contribution often makes sense. Anyone meeting certain income restrictions can contribute up to $6,000 (or $7,000 if age 50 or older), to a Roth IRA for 2021 or 2022. Employer plans are not required to offer Roth contributions. If a company does offer a Roth 401(k) option, employees can make Roth plan contributions of up to $19,500, or $26,000 if age 50 or older, in 2021. There is no combined limit for Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s. This means that you can contribute the maximum amount to both a Roth IRA and Roth 401(k) in the same year. That is a good outlay of cash to maximize both a Roth IRA and 401(k). If you were presented with both options, which is the correct one to choose? Advantages to a Roth IRA No Lifetime Required minimum distributions (or RMDs): One of the most significant advantages of Roth IRAs is that owners are not subject to required minimum distributions (RMDs) during their lifetime. In contrast to Roth IRAs, Roth 401(k) participants are subject to RMDs. More investment options. Roth IRAs have almost the universe of investment options. Prohibited investments include are collectibles, life insurance and S corporation stock. By contrast, Roth 401(k) investments are restricted to the limited options offered by the plan. Easier accessibility. Roth IRA distributions can be taken at any time (note that earnings may be taxable and subject to the 10% early distribution penalty). With Roth 401(k)s, not so much. An employee still working cannot access his Roth 401(k) assets before age 59½ (except in cases of financial hardship). Easier-to-satisfy “qualified distribution” rules. Earnings on both Roth IRA and Roth 401(k) contributions can be withdrawn tax-free as long as the distribution is considered “qualified.” A qualified distribution requires that the distribution be taken after a so-called ‘triggering event’ and satisfaction of a five-year holding period. Triggering events for both Roth IRA and Roth 401(k) distributions are attainment of age 59½, death, or disability (and also – for Roth IRA distributions, a first-time home purchase also qualifies). In general, the Roth IRA five-year holding period rules are easier to satisfy (I can’t go into all the details here so …trust me?). Advantages of Roth 401(k) Higher annual limit and no income restrictions. The annual Roth 401(k) contribution limits are significantly higher than the Roth IRA limits and do not have income restrictions. As noted, Roth 401(k) contributions have no income restrictions. By contrast, Roth IRA contributions cannot be made directly if MAGI exceeds a certain dollar limit (for 2021, the phase-outs are $198,000- $208,000 for married couples filing jointly and $125,000-$140,000 for single filers). Matching contributions. Many 401(k) plans match Roth 401(k) contributions, but there is no comparable bonus for making Roth IRA contributions. Loans and life insurance available. 401(k) plans often allow loans. Roth IRAs (like traditional IRAs) cannot offer loans and cannot be invested in life insurance. Age-55 10% early distribution penalty relief. Roth 401(k) distributions made after separation from service are exempt from the 10% early distribution penalty if separation occurs in the year the employee turns age 55 or older. This age-55 exception does not apply to Roth IRAs. So, the answer? It depends. Of course! As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
December 17, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: 529-ABLE Programs
The 529-ABLE programs have been available nationwide for about 5 years now. With Maryland ABLE, you can contribute up to $15,000 per year (or more if the beneficiary is working) for a wide range of qualified disability expenses. The ABLE to Work Act allows beneficiaries who are employed to contribute an amount equal to their current year’s gross income --up to a maximum of $12,760 in 2021 each year to their ABLE accounts in addition to the annual standard contribution limit of $15,000. The account’s growth is tax-free, and contributions could qualify for an income deduction (for Maryland state income taxes). Contributions can be made up to a maximum account value of $500,000 over the life of the account. Other federal means-tested benefits such as Medicaid, housing and food assistance are not impacted by the balance of the ABLE account. Similarly, ABLE account balances are disregarded for the purpose of determining eligibility to receive, or the amount of, any assistance or benefits from Maryland means-tested programs. Before ABLE accounts, the only way families could save for the future of a disabled child without losing access to SSI and Medicaid benefits was with a special needs trust. That generally involves lawyer’s fees and other costs. While the ABLE isn’t a substitute for a special needs trust, it is a good solution to improve the life of someone with a disability and save some on income taxes. The account works like a 529 college savings account—earnings and withdrawals for qualified expenses are federal and state tax free. 529-ABLEs can be used to save for medical and educational needs, job training, and housing. What’s tricky is the basic rules for the accounts--set by Congress--are the same, but important details vary among plans. All ABLEs are for individuals who were disabled before age 26; An individual can open only one account; The maximum annual contribution is tied to the federal gift tax exclusion amount which is currently $15,000. What’s different? Things like investment choices, fees, and benefits for in-state residents. You must do a little digging on each state plan’s web site and the plan disclosure statements to compare ABLEs. Before you open an account in a state that’s not your home state, check to see if your state will be offering tax incentives for contributions. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
November 19, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Newest Tax Law Updates
My recollection is that Ben Franklin can be credited as saying, “nothing in this world is certain except death and taxes.” Perhaps more apt right now with all the pending tax legislation and the potential changes to the estate tax system is that nothing is certain aboutdeath and taxes! As tax advisors, we have been waiting on pins and needles to see whether a new tax bill will be passed and, if it is passed, what language the final bill would contain. While the proposed legislation failed to include any changes regarding estate taxes, including a reduction in the estate/gift tax exemption amount to approximately $5,000,000 like many thought, that is not to say it may not be added later. Anything can still happen, and we could find ourselves in a situation like 2012, where a significant change was made at the 11th hour. At this time, the main focus is a new 5% tax to be applied to individual taxpayers’ whose Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) is in excess of $10,000,000 ($5,000,000 if married but filing separately) and high income (really about $200,000) earning trusts and estates. There is also an expansion of the Net Investment Income Tax for individual taxpayers with a MAGI in excess of $400,000 ($500,000 for joint filers) and trusts and estate undistributed income with no income threshold. Should the new proposed tax legislation go into effect on January 1, 2022, high earners will also feel a significant impact on their Net Investment Income Tax, specifically those who use S-corporations and partnerships to shield themselves from higher taxes. Other proposed changes to note include a 100% gain exclusion on the sale of Section 1202 Qualified Small Business Stock would be limited to 50% of the gain for those with an AGI exceeding $400,000 (unless otherwise contracted for prior to September 13, 2021), a requirement that cryptocurrencies be subject to the constructive and wash sale rules, and 15% minimum tax for large corporations on reported income to be calculated based on complex formulas. The proposed legislation did not include (as was originally expected) a removal of the limitation on deductions for State and Local Income taxes paid (SALT Cap). There was no proposal for an increase in personal income tax or capital gains tax rates, no proposal to compress the current rate brackets, and no proposal to deny fair market value income tax basis for estates of individuals who die owning appreciated assets. To recap, some of the best news from the proposal came from what was omitted: There was no increase in personal income tax rates; No increase in capital gains tax rates; No reduction of the estate tax exemption; No elimination of the step-up in basis on death; and No proposals to eliminate the ability to utilize grantor trusts or valuation discounts for non-active trades or businesses. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
November 12, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Portability
As I (and many others) have reported, the estate tax exemption amounts may change this year. Right now, the latest is that it does not look like the House proposal will include a lowering of the federal estate tax exemption this year, but regardless of what happens this year, the rules covering the estate tax exemption are scheduled to sunset after 2025. Estate Tax Portability Depending on inflation, the exemption could drop to between $5- $6 million after 2025. With this prospect in mind, it has become vital for married couples to make the most of estate tax portability. Mistakes can lead to a reduced exemption and a substantial amount of unnecessary tax. Married Couples and Estate Tax Portability With estate tax “portability” in place, a married couple can effectively use both spouses’ estate tax exemptions, passing as much as $23.4 million to other heirs with no federal estate tax liability. Example 1: Mike has $8 million in assets, including a $5 million IRA, and Mike’s wife, Megan, has $6 million in assets (including joint property). Mike dies in November 2021, leaving everything to Megan. Marital bequests don’t generate estate tax, so Megan gets to keep all $8 million from Mike, estate tax-free. Going forward, Megan might die with a $15 million estate, including the assets inherited from Mike. If her estate tax exemption then is $6 million, Megan’s estate would be $8 million over the limit and her heirs could owe $3 million in tax, at today’s 40% estate tax rate. The tax bill could be even higher because of an increased rate or state tax obligations or both. Deceased Spouse’s Unused Exemption (DSUE) Something called “Portability” can prevent this type of scenario because the surviving spouse can use the Deceased Spouse’s Unused Exemption (DSUE) as well as her own. Mike did not use any estate tax exemption at his death, because he left all his assets to his spouse. If Mike dies in 2021, his unused exemption amount — the DSUE — would be $11.7 million, which Megan can claim as part of her own. Thus, if Megan dies with a $6 million exemption, under the law effective at her death, using the $11.7 million DSUE from Mike would raise her exemption to almost 18 million. Megan’s hypothetical $15 million estate, mentioned previously, would generate no estate tax with an $18 million estate tax exemption. Note that the IRS has announced that a deceased spouse’s unused exemption is locked in, even if the estate tax exemption is reduced, the unused exemption amount claimed at the death of the first spouse will remain in effect, assuming all the proper elections are made. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
November 5, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Tax Update
As you have likely heard, there are a number of proposed tax rules under Federal law that are working their way through Congress. One potential change could have a dramatic impact on people who own life insurance policies inside of irrevocable life insurance trusts. The House Ways and Means Committee recently released an outline detailing possible tax increases designed to pay for the administration’s infrastructure plan. Of the proposed modifications, one change would cause so-called "grantor" trusts to be included in the taxable estate of the person who made the gifts into the trust. Many life insurance trusts are considered "grantor" trusts and could fall within the scope of this proposed rule. While the details have not yet been released, it appears that the new rule would cause these trusts to be included in a person's taxable estate only if the person made gifts into the trust after the date the law is passed. This could cause problems for those who make cash gifts to their insurance trusts in order to fund insurance premiums. One potential solution may be to make a large gift to an insurance trust now before the law becomes effective. The gift may be retained inside the trust and used to pay premiums in later years -- thereby avoiding future gifts to the trust that would violate the new rule. Right now, this is only a proposal that is part of a larger outline released by the Ways and Means committee. To become law, the outline must first clear the House Ways and Means Committee, be voted on by the full House, have the same rule be proposed in, and voted on, in the Senate, and then have the final bill be signed by the President. If the proposal does become law, then there may be little time for people to preserve the tax-free treatment that life insurance trusts are intended to provide. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
October 22, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Executor of an Estate
An executor of an estate has several duties. Of the many duties, one that is often missed is to ensure that all income tax returns have been filed for the decedent, including filing the final personal income tax return. After a person dies, any income earned prior to their death must be reported to the IRS (and state taxing authorities) on the final income tax return. The deadline is April 15th of the year following death. If a person passed away in 2021 and had income before he died, then by April 15, 2022, the final income tax return needs to be filed or an extension needs to be filed. The filing of the income tax return can sometimes hold up the closing of the estate. An executor would be prudent to wait until the final income tax return is filed to close out the estate. If a decedent was married, keep in mind that the surviving widow or widower may file a joint return. If there is money owed for income taxes, then the executor must make the payment from the estate. If there is a refund, then the executor must claim the refund. In order to claim the refund, an IRS form 1310 must be filed with the final return. Note that there is no requirement they a probate administration be opened to request the tax refund. The form 1310 allows the IRS to pay the refund directly to the executor, therefore, avoiding the need for an estate administration (probate). As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
October 15, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Naming a Trust as Beneficiary of an IRA
There are certainly valid reasons for naming a trust as beneficiary of an IRA. But if an adult beneficiary is otherwise healthy and responsible, and if there is no desire to control assets after death, then naming a person directly as an IRA beneficiary may be a better option. In cases when a trust is necessary, be sure the trustee – the person responsible for following the provisions of the trust and dispersing its assets — understands the trust and IRA rules. Putting an inexperienced trustee (often an unwary family member or friend of the family) on such a task can lead to a number of egregious mistakes. I’ve reported on botched IRA trust beneficiary articles in the past. In a recent Private Letter Ruling (202125007) relayed a few months ago by the IRS, an IRA owner named a trust as an IRA beneficiary. After her death, the IRA assets were properly moved into a trust-owned inherited IRA. In this case: The adult children of the original IRA owner, as trustees and trust beneficiaries, had total control of the assets. The children wanted to do their own investing in the IRA. They were informed by the custodian that the existing account could not accommodate their request. So, the trustee children decided to transfer the stocks held in the inherited IRA assets to a non-qualified (non-IRA) brokerage account, owned by the trust. This action resulted in a taxable distribution — at trust tax rates of most of the IRA assets. When inherited IRA dollars are withdrawn by a non-spouse beneficiary, there is no putting the genie back in the bottle. Even if the error is discovered within 60 days of the original transaction, a rollover is not allowed, and the distribution is likely going to result in the entire account being subject to tax. Even though the trustees identified their error several months later and requested that the former IRA dollars be returned, there was no remedy that could be done here. The IRS concluded that: “…once the assets have been distributed from an inherited IRA, there is no permitted method of transferring them back into an IRA.” The moral of the story is to be sure that there is a good and legitimate purpose of having a trust that will inherit the IRA account, and if there is a good reason, be sure there are safeguards put in place so mistakes are not made by the Trustee along the way. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
October 8, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Legislative Tax Update
About two weeks ago, the House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee released an agenda as part of a $3.5 trillion spending and tax bill that Democrats hope to pass. Many of the details will likely change as the bill makes its way through a series of deliberations and votes. But the initial draft provides a good deal of insight about what we can expect. Below is a summary of the proposed changes in the estate tax and some key takeaways: Lowers lifetime gift/estate tax exemptionto $5.85 from $11.7 million, effective January 1, 2022. Clients looking to maximize exemptions should make their gifts as soon as possible, especially gifts to grantor trusts, in case the date of enactment is moved up. Irrevocable grantor trusts in estates, effective upon enactment. A grantor trust is a common estate planning tool which allows an individual (or ‘grantor’) to establish a trust for another (typically a family member). The new provision pulls the assets held in a grantor trust into a decedent’s taxable estate when the decedent is the deemed owner of the trusts. Prior to this provision, taxpayers were able to use grantor trusts to keep assets out of their estate while controlling the trust closely. Establishes an income tax on sales to grantor trustby grantor, effective upon enactment. Currently, a sale to a grantor trust would not trigger an income tax. Clients looking to sell assets to a grantor trust may wish to consider doing so now. However, the proposal maintains stepped-up basis at death. In conjunction with reducing their taxable estates, clients should continue to keep highly appreciated assets in their taxable estates to the extent possible. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
October 1, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Roth Conversion Planning Review
As we all have heard, Congress is targeting apparent tax loopholes used by wealthy people with the goal of raising taxes to help finance proposed spending. Retirement plans happen to be in their scopes too. The way this may have come about is a widely publicized story of a guy who managed to amass $50 million or so in a Roth IRA. Forget that the story was made public due to an illegal release of his confidential tax return information from the IRS! The following proposed changes to personal retirement plan accounts apply, for years after 2021, to a person who: Is a “high income” individual, that is, a married filing jointly taxpayer with taxable income in excess of $450,000 or a single filer with taxable income over $400,000. This appears to line up with President Biden’s campaign promise not to increase taxes on anyone making less than $400,000 a year. The combined balance of a person’s IRAs, Roth IRAs, and other defined contribution plan accounts (e.g., a 401(k) plan) exceeds $10 million in value as of the prior year-end. Here are the tax consequences inflicted on such as person: He/she may not make a regular contribution to an IRA. Since the maximum annual IRA contribution is in the range of $7,000, this is not such a problem for someone who already has over $10 million in plans. The rest are more consequential: He/she must take a “required minimum distribution” equal to half the excess over $10 million. And.... If this person has more than $20 million in combined value in such plans, he/she must take an RMD equal to 100% of the excess over $20 million! And such excess must be taken from Roth accounts first! Note that these new RMD requirements have no age component. There’s one change in the mix that may cause some 2021 action. They propose to outlaw the Roth conversion of after-tax money whether in an IRA or in a qualified plan, and this new prohibition would not be limited to higher-income individuals. The Roth conversion of after-tax money is a true “loophole” and it makes sense for them to close it, but it will also make sense for a lot of individuals to take advantage of the loophole while it still exists and complete conversions of their after-tax money (if possible) this year. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
September 24, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: How Can a Trust Protect My Children’s Inheritance?
One of the main reasons for estate planning is to provide loved ones with protection from claims of future creditors and divorcing spouses or lawsuits. If you leave your property to your child as an outright distribution, the property will not necessarily be protected. 'Spendthrift' Protection There is a longstanding concept in trust law known as ‘spendthrift’ protection. These provisions state that the Trustee will have sole control to make distributions from the Trust without interference from others. The spendthrift clause prevents a third party (e.g., creditor) from being able to compel the Trustee into making distributions of trust property for the benefit of the third party. Protection from Creditors Under the spendthrift rules of most states, a person is free to leave assets in the trust for another person, with specific language in the trust specifying who, besides a trust beneficiary, can have access to the trust assets. If the trust includes a ‘spendthrift’ clause that specifically states that trust income and principal is not to be available for payment to a trust beneficiary’s creditors, then as a general rule the trust would be immune from attack by a beneficiary’s creditors. This strong protection would apply regardless of the amount or nature of a beneficiary’s liabilities and would include protection of the trust assets if the child were to go through a divorce. Variation Between States However, the extent of protection offered by a trust with a spendthrift clause will depend upon state law. In some states, certain creditors are still permitted access to the trust. This might include obligations for alimony, child support or payments to creditors who have provided certain ‘essentials of life’ to the beneficiary. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
September 17, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Dynasty Trust planning
The reasons for creating a dynasty trust vary depending upon the needs and desires of the trust settlor. Dynasty trusts can be created to provide creditor and so-called ‘predator’ protection for the beneficiaries of the trust generation after generation. Such trusts can shield against divorce proceedings initiated against a beneficiary of the trust or creditors of a beneficiary arising out of a business failure. The dynasty trust can also provide a pool of assets to be managed by a trustee for the benefit of all the beneficiaries, thus preventing individual beneficiaries from squandering their inheritance by misusing the funds or investing poorly. The dynasty trust can also be used to encourage participation in certain worthwhile causes or discourage behavior that is unacceptable. One of the greatest way’s dynasty trusts are used by families who value education is to establish a fund that will pay for the secondary and graduate education of many future generations. When you ask most people to name their great -great grandparents, they are unable to do so. But providing full college tuition and other educational perks for future generations could be helpful to establish a family legacy. The generation skipping transfer tax exemption can be utilized to plan for several generations and build significant wealth. One of the reasons Congress enacted the generation skipping transfer tax is to curb the wealth building effects of dynasty planning. The concept of dynasty planning is to pass the maximum amount of wealth one can to their grandchildren (and subsequent generations) without subjecting the transfer to the tax. In so doing, one can exempt the trust property from future generations skipping the transfer tax. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
September 10, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Items that an Estate Plan Should Provide for a Spouse
The objectives that we hear most often from clients regarding a spouse include: I want my spouse to be able to maintain the lifestyle that we currently enjoy after I’m gone. I want to protect what I leave my spouse from people who might otherwise take advantage whether family members or strangers. I am in a second marriage and I want my spouse cared for after I am gone. But I also want to ensure that my estate goes to my children after my spouse passes away. I have handled most of our investments throughout our married life and my spouse has not been involved. I would like my spouse to maintain control, but I’d also like to provide investment guidance. I want to be sure my spouse can, while still benefiting my children, make adjustments in my bequests in order to address changes in the circumstances of my children and grandchildren that occur after I am gone. I want to get any tax protections that are available to my spouse. But what if my spouse remarries? One of the ways to protect a spouse’s assets is to have the estate plan require the surviving spouse sign a prenup if they desire to maintain control of the assets if and when they remarry. The plan could even remove the spouse as trustee or as a beneficiary of the trust if specific criteria are not met. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
August 27, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Where to Keep Your Trust
What if I can’t find a copy of my Trust and how do I prove it exists? Without a copy of the trust instrument, proving that such a trust is in existence can be a challenge. The attorney who drafted the trust, or the attorney or firm’s successor, should keep a record of the trust on file. But sometimes law firms go under or lawyers retire, and files are lost. One potential solution if no copy of the trust can be located is to file a declaratory action with the court. Such an action will provide clarification of the existence of the trust. The hope is that through the filing of the declaratory action, the court will issue an order of the existence of the trust and what the terms of the trust provide. A trustee will need to be appointed and if none exists, the court could appoint one at that time. While there might not be an actual trust document, there will likely be other evidence of the existence of the trust such as references to the trust on titling documents (Deeds, account statements, etc.). There might be an annual tax return that was filed which an accountant could attest to with the tax records. The court can consider these extraneous documents in a ruling of the existence of a trust. Clearly, having a copy of the trust instrument would be ideal. It would not be a bad idea to keep a copy in a safe deposit box or home safe (just be sure you are not the only person with access) with other important papers. You could also keep a copy in a cloud file, though accessing the cloud is not always 100% reliable. Your lawyer should have a cloud backup for all your executed legal documents. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
August 20, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Where is the Original Copy of your Will?
You should let someone know where your original Will is stored. If one cannot be found after a person dies, a court may decide it was destroyed. Dying without a Will means intestacy will rule the day and, in that case, state law determines how probate assets will pass. It may be a good idea to keep a copy of the Will in a safe deposit box, but if you put the original there, it may be difficult to retrieve it after death. Most states require that safe deposit boxes be sealed after the renter dies and a Personal Representative will need to be appointed in order to gain access to the box. Other places to store your will include: Store an original in the office of the Register of Wills in the County where you reside. Have your attorney and/or your accountant retain the original will. Some law offices will retain the original in a Will safe file. Store the will at home in a safe place. While there is a possibility that the Will could be lost, inadvertently destroyed, or discovered by an interested party who could deliberately destroy or conceal it, this is generally not a huge risk. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
August 13, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Donor-Advised Funds
A donor-advised fund is like a charitable investment account, for the sole purpose of supporting charitable organizations you wish to benefit. When you contribute cash, securities or other assets to a donor-advised fund at a public charity, you are generally eligible to take an immediate tax deduction. Then those funds can be invested for tax-free growth and you can recommend grants to virtually any IRS-qualified public charity. When you give, you want your charitable donations to be as effective as possible. Donor-advised funds (DAF) are gaining in popularity because they are one of the easiest and most tax-advantageous ways to give to charity. But it is important for donors to keep in mind that a donor to a DAF can only claim an income tax deduction for a charitable contribution to a DAF if the donor makes a completed gift and relinquishes dominion and control over the donated property. In making a gift to a DAF, the DAF will generally advise its donors in writing of the following: their donations to the fund are irrevocable and unconditional, the donations are subject to the exclusive legal authority and control of the DAF as to their use and distribution, donors cannot make donations subject to any material restrictions or conditions (such as reserving a right to control or direct distributions or "any other condition that prevents the DAF from exercising exclusive legal control over the use of contributed assets to further its exempt purposes, and the DAF retains final authority over the distribution of all grants and may decline or modify a grant recommendation that is inconsistent with the DAF’s program policies, or for any other reason. It is for this reason, that it is crucial for donors to understand that once a gift is made, the donor gives up most of the control over the asset, other than as an advisory grant maker, and has very little recourse in gaining access to the asset for use other than advisory grant making. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
August 6, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Considerations for Trustees and their Deceased Loved Ones
What should a Trustee consider doing for a recently deceased loved one? Here are some items a Trustee should consider. 1. If a residence is owned by the Trust and will be vacant for an extended period of time, consider the following: Changing the locks. Remove valuables from the residence, make a detailed inventory of them and store them safely. Install an inexpensive security system that will call out to a security firm if there is a break-in. In colder climates, consider a temperature alarm to prevent frozen water pipes. Request postmaster to forward mail. Check for perishable items in the residence or storage unit. Decide whether to turn off some utilities (electricity, phone). Stop deliveries. Advise the homeowner's insurance agent that the residence will be vacant and make appropriate arrangements for insurance. If the property is in the trust (the trust needs to be named as the insured). 2. Determine immediate cash needs for any beneficiary and for immediate expenses and identify accounts where cash is immediately available. 3. Cancel charge accounts, credit cards and subscriptions. 4. Make certain that property and casualty insurance coverage continues on personal effects, cars and real estate. 5. If you have personal access or access as the Trustee to a safe deposit box, the box should be inventoried in the presence of a bank officer and only then should contents be removed. 6. Gather personal records, including checkbooks and statements and obtain copies of income tax returns for the last couple of years. 7. Contact individuals who owe money to the deceased and arrange for continued collection. 8. Gather all life insurance policies. 9. Contact the social security administration (if needed). 10. Check to see if there are pets or other animals needing care. The law in each state is different concerning the information given to beneficiaries and when the information must be provided. As early as possible, the person who is the fiduciary (Trustee or Executor) should obtain information about beneficiaries and heirs. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
August 3, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Guardians and Trustees
Sometimes the people who are the most nurturing are not necessarily the best at handling money. Although the person you name as guardian of a minor child can also serve as Trustee of a trust established for the child, it may not be the best solution. The dual role of guardian and Trustee presents the potential for a conflict of interest. For example, you name your sister as guardian of your children and name her as Trustee of trusts established for their benefit. Would it be reasonable for her to use the $100,000 from the trust to add an addition on her home? Perhaps it would be reasonable. But what if she uses $600,000 to buy a significantly larger home when her current home is worth $300,000? These types of scenarios are avoidable when there is one person named to raise the children and another to manage the finances. The guardian then simply makes requests from the Trustee when funds are needed. But since the Trustee has discretion in these matters, it doesn’t hurt to give clear guidance to the Trustee so that your children will be cared for in the way you want them to be. Some things to consider: Can the guardian expand the size of their current residence in order to house your children? Should the guardian be given a home improvement budget or car budget? Can trust funds be used to pay for private school? Can the trust funds be used to take her kids and your kids on vacations? Still, for many people, the persons they choose to put in charge of their children (and their finances) are honest and trustworthy and they are comfortable in putting them in charge of both the kids and the money. It really comes down to the people you choose. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
July 30, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Should You Share Estate Planning Documents with Family Members?
The question as to whether you should share your estate planning documents with your immediate family is one that comes up fairly often. The answer depends on the personal choices and family dynamics of a client. In thinking through this issue at hand, it is important to consider that the primary purpose of an estate plan is to make it easier for the family when a person dies. The assumption for many clients is that family members should have copies of their documents. However, keep in mind there are certain drawbacks of giving copies of legal documents to family members. For one thing, what if the plan changes in the future? What if someone named in the document is later taken out or is in line to receive less in the way of an inheritance. Will this person contest the legitimacy of any later version of a Will? Moreover, would you want to be put in a position to have to explain your reasons for your own plan? The other side of the coin is that giving family members an ‘advance copy’ so to speak may avoid any surprises or conflicts later. There are many clients who are actually very comfortable with family members seeing their documents and financial information. In my experience, I generally tell clients to let family members know (at a minimum) that they have an estate plan and where the documents will be stored. I also like the idea of letting them know where to find bank account information, passwords to phones and tablets, family papers (marriage certificates, divorce orders, etc.) and of course, contact information for attorneys, accountants and financial advisors. Armed with this essential information, it will certainly make it easier for family members to carry out your wishes. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
July 23, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Documents You Should Have Before You Travel
But Particularly if You Fall into a Specific Risk Group No one likes to think of worst-case scenarios before a trip, but there are certain estate planning documents you should have in place before you leave. Like purchasing trip cancellation insurance, making some arrangements ahead of time will provide peace of mind while you are away. Some of these documents become even more critical if you are a person that falls into what I refer to as a category that could be construed as riskier. Last Will and Testament It is important if you have assets to make sure you have a current and legally binding Will that appoints someone to settle your affairs, designates who will receive property, and names guardians for any minor children. If you are an individual who is not married or does not have children, dying intestate (without a Will) can have more drastic consequences because the assets are more likely to pass to unintended family members. HIPPA Authorization Because of the HIPPA Privacy Rule, you'll need to give consent for a traveling companion, friend, or family member to receive medical information should anything happen to you. Durable Power of Attorney A Durable Power of Attorney gives an individual the ability to make decisions on your behalf if you become unable to do so. The document covers financial and legal decisions (usually not medical). Health Care Proxy or Advance Medical Directives Also known as a durable medical power of attorney or advance medical directive, a health care proxy allows your designee to make medical treatment decisions on your behalf if you are unable to do that yourself and establishes a point person for medical communications. If you are not married or do not have adult children, the problem is not having someone for whom the law of the certain state or country would recognize as having the ability to make these decisions. Having a document in place becomes all the more important. Guardian Designation If you have children younger than 18 or are responsible for adult family members who can't care for themselves, it is important to name a guardian. While it would be better to have a full estate plan in place, often naming a trust as the recipient of financial assets for minor children, at a minimum, you should have a responsible person (i.e., a person you trust) named who could serve as guardian. Proof of Parentage Rights If you've crossed the border with a minor child, officials in many countries are vigilant about preventing child abduction. When traveling overseas with a minor child, have proof of relationship such as their birth certificate, or travel and medical consent letters if you are not the child's parent or guardian. Same-sex couples who have families through surrogacy or adoption should finalize parentage rights before traveling to countries that might not be as friendly to same sex-couples. Updated Beneficiaries If you haven't updated your will in years, it might not reflect your current wishes about beneficiaries, especially if you're divorced. If you have a minor beneficiary named on a life insurance policy or retirement plan account, you need to know that the property will be managed by a guardian unless a trust is established to receive those proceeds. Financial and Social Media Account Login Information Make sure someone you trust has login information for financial, social media, and other online accounts. It is not a bad idea to write out a plan of action for social media accounts (keep active, close, etc.) Happy Travels! As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
July 16, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Setting Up Special Needs Trusts
Planning for beneficiaries with special needs can be a challenge. While navigating the requirements for both IRA beneficiaries and trusts has never been without pitfalls, the more recent requirements of the SECURE Act have added even more wrinkles. The goal of the Special Needs Trust is to protect the funds for a person with special needs while not jeopardizing any government benefits to which the individual may be entitled. The trustee can make distributions to the beneficiary with special needs for vacations, food, housing and other personal items to improve and enhance their lives. The goal is not to jeopardize the current and future potential benefits. Under the SECURE Act, beneficiaries with special needs who qualify as disabled or chronically ill are eligible designated beneficiaries (often referred to as “EDBs”) and can still take advantage of the stretch IRA. Under the SECURE Act, there are certain rules that specifically preserve the lifetime stretch for beneficiaries who are chronically ill or have a disability through a trust called a Multi-Beneficiary Trust (MBT). As the name implies, the MBT may have multiple beneficiaries of the trust, in addition to the person with a disability. These other beneficiaries must be designated beneficiaries but do not have to be an eligible designated beneficiary. Examples of designated beneficiaries include other children or siblings (but not a charity or an estate). For example, if Mark creates a special needs trust for the benefit of his daughter with a disability and names the trust as beneficiary of his IRA, and the trust provides that any remaining funds from the IRA be paid to a charity, the trust would not qualify as a multi-beneficiary trust. As such, the minimum required distributions will not be permitted to be stretched over the child’s life expectancy (instead, the 10-year rule would be applicable). However, while these multi-beneficiary trusts are beneficial from a stretch point of view, special needs trusts can be problematic from an income tax standpoint. Because trust tax brackets are highly compressed (reaching the highest income tax rate at fairly low levels), funds retained in the trust will be subject to high trust tax rates. It is for this reason that it is beneficial to explore exchanging assets like traditional IRAs for more tax-efficient assets like Roth IRAs and life insurance. Employing alternative strategies can mitigate the tax bite while providing a source of funding for special needs trusts. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
July 9, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Health Care Directives
A common mistake is to assume that estate planning is solely about ‘death’ planning and writing wills (and trusts) to make sure that your property is distributed according to your wishes after your death. Planning for incapacity or disability planning is often overlooked, but it can be essential because it addresses what happens if you are unable to make medical decisions or handle your financial affairs because of an injury or medical condition. In most states, your wishes regarding your medical treatment may be made known by executing an advance directive to express your healthcare wishes. A healthcare directive often contains both healthcare Power of Attorney provisions in addition to a “Living” Will. Healthcare directives will allow you to express which kinds of medical treatments should be withheld. For example, you may specify that you would not want surgery, respirators, or other life-prolonging procedures to be used if there is no reasonable expectation of your recovery. Once you have executed a healthcare directive, you have the option to change it or revoke it at any time. Living wills take effect when your death can no longer be significantly delayed by treatment. Healthcare directives, in contrast, will generally become effective as soon as you are unable to speak for yourself due to a terminal or end-stage medical condition or coma. The healthcare Power of Attorney allows you to appoint an agent to make healthcare decisions on your behalf should you become unable to communicate your healthcare wishes yourself. You can specify that your agent must make healthcare wishes according to what is stated in your healthcare directive. If your healthcare directive does not address a particular situation, or your desire is to give your agent authority to make all medical decisions for you, you can direct your agent to decide based on the preferences you have expressed to that person (within or outside the document). In addition to making healthcare decisions on your behalf, your agent can be empowered to: Check you in and out of hospitals and medical facilities Hire and fire medical staff responsible for your care Receive information concerning your care Review your medical records Speak to insurance providers It is essential to have a medical directive as part of any estate plan. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
July 2, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Retirement Funds from Previous Employers – Weighing the Options
The year 2020, and so far 2021, has been a reset of sorts. The ever-changing landscape has resulted in people deciding to retire, move or literally reset their careers. For most people, their retirement accounts represent a significant amount of wealth for them. What to do with retirement funds from a previous employer is an important decision. This discussion should be had with an advisor before jumping in. I will discuss 3 of the primary options for most people. Option #1 is to keep the funds in a company plan. A great reason to do so is that these plan assets receive federal creditor protection under ERISA. ERISA protection is a very high bar in bankruptcy, lawsuits and other judgments against the plan participant. Creditor protection should be considered before rolling these funds out of a company protected plan. Another reason to stay in the company plan has to do with the age 55 plan exception. If a participant is age 55 or older in the year he separates from service, keeping the 401(k) money in the plan means there will be no 10% early withdrawal penalty. If a rollover to an IRA is done, the age 55-exception on this money is lost. IRA withdrawals prior to age 59 ½ will generally be subject to the 10% early withdrawal penalty. Option #2 is to roll over the plan to a traditional IRA. IRAs have a number of benefits. Typically, IRA rollovers permit flexibility in making changes more quickly without the administrative hurdles that other plans can impose. Many employer-based plans can be more restrictive for example in terms of permitting trusts to be beneficiaries or will need spousal consents. IRAs do not have such requirements so for the most flexible and favorable post death payout, the better choice is almost always rolling the company plan into an IRA. Plan participants that take distributions from employer plans thinking there will be no 10% penalty if the funds are used for higher education expenses or (first time) home purchases are mistaken. The exceptions to the penalty only apply to withdrawals from an IRA. IRA plans can also generally offer more diverse and wide-ranging investment options. Option #3 is to convert to a Roth IRA. A conversion can be done within the plan if the plan permits this. If there is no Roth component to the employer plan, rolling plan money to a Roth IRA is the only way to get into a Roth. It is permissible to roll over part of the plan to a traditional IRA and part to a Roth IRA. This type of rollover to a Roth IRA would qualify as a valid conversion. However, it is not necessary to move the entire plan to a traditional IRA and then convert. For most people, it is recommended to roll after tax dollar plans (if applicable) into a Roth IRA (this would qualify as a tax-free conversion). After tax money rolled into a traditional IRA will create cost basis in the IRA and will need to be accounted for going forward.
June 25, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: The Importance of Digital Assets in an Estate Plan
When creating an estate plan, it is important to consider how to deal with your digital assets. Technology is constantly evolving, and so what constitutes a digital asset now may evolve into something completely different in a few years. What are some common examples of digital assets? Social media accounts Digital copyrights or trademarks Online bank accounts or investment accounts Digital photos, videos, or written works that produce income Email accounts Online photos Virtual currencies Credit card rewards Information or documents stored in the cloud Because digital assets usually do not have a tangible financial value, people often ask why you need to account for digital assets when planning your estate. The answer to this question is that creating a plan for digital accounts, whether they are financially ‘valuable’ in their nature, will make it easier for your family to retrieve these assets after you pass away. Estate planning for your digital assets eliminates the need for your loved ones to track down passwords and gives the beneficiaries of your estate the legal right to your passwords. Additionally, specifically for online financial accounts, estate planning for digital assets protects income that your digital assets can generate, such as royalty income or online records from a business. From a legal perspective, digital property is similar to other kinds of property. However, as digital property laws are still evolving, gaining access to digital assets or digitally encoded financial information can present challenges to those other than the original owner. For example, take passwords. If a family member does not know a password, he or she may not be able to access phone or computer and the digital assets on these devices. Aside from the password, data encryption is a complicating factor. Encryption can destroy data in a single file, device, or in the cloud, making it impossible for anyone without the proper passcode to unscramble it. Most digital assets exist on new technology, such as smartphones, that have advanced encryption. Thus, it is vital that you leave passwords behind or risk your family losing all of your information. All this has to be navigated around data privacy laws, which make it so online account service providers are unable to give the contents of electronic communications to anyone without the lawful consent of the data’s owner. The upshot is that this could leave your heirs unable to access photos, messages, online accounts, and other data. In order to address these difficult problems, the first step in the planning process is to inventory your digital assets (e.g., keep track of your online accounts and passwords). Next, you should determine how you want to manage your assets. You must decide what you want your estate or family to do with each of your digital assets when you pass away. You will also want to choose who you want to manage your assets –the executor of your estate, a family member, or perhaps a professional advisor. Finally, it is advisable to put any digital asset plan in writing. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
June 18, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Witnesses and Wills
Some clients ask why all the formalities when we execute estate planning documents such as a Will. When a client comes in to sign a Will, we always assist the client with witnesses and a notary. In many states, a Will is not valid if not witnessed by at least two individuals. A DC case from the D.C. Probate Division illustrates this point. The probate court allowed the probate of a Will that had been signed without any witnesses. D.C. law requires two witnesses to sign a Will in order to be legally valid. In this case, the court admitted certifications from people who had personal knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the execution of the Will. When the case went to the Court of Appeals, the Court held that there is no getting around the requirement to have two witnesses for the Will to be valid. The distinction is that the court said the law could allow a Will to be admitted to probate even if the two witnesses could not be reached at the time the Will was probated. Nevertheless, it was not a substitute for having actual witnesses.
June 11, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Estate Planning in 2021
What may be the best word to describe estate planning in 2021? I submit ‘uncertainty.’ This year may be the year to account for potential changing circumstances. The typical estate plan for a married couple leaves all property to the other. In the case of retirement plan benefits, the spouse is named as the primary beneficiary and the children as contingent beneficiaries. Children will usually wait to receive their inheritance after the surviving spouse’s death. One twist on the standard plan is through the use of disclaimers. A disclaimer provision allows your named beneficiary to say, I don’t want the money, give it to the next in line. If you include disclaimer provisions in your wills, trusts, and in the beneficiary designations of retirement plans, your surviving spouse generally has up to nine months after your death to consider how much to keep and how much to disclaim to your children. Your children would also be able to disclaim into trusts for the benefit of their own children. For example, if the surviving spouse had executed a disclaimer in 2019 of at least a portion of the IRA (e.g., $1,000,000), that amount would be transferred as an Inherited IRA directly to the children. The disclaimer would have allowed the children to defer income taxes on their Inherited IRA, and perhaps would have saved the family a million dollars or more in estate taxes. The rules in effect in 2019 (as opposed to 2020 and beyond under SECURE) allowed the stretch of the Inherited IRA, resulting in a good result for the family. In contrast, if an IRA owner dies after January 1, 2020, there may not be as big of an income tax incentive to disclaim IRA dollars due to the inability to secure the stretch payments. But in some circumstances, there is still incentive. In addition, there may be an incentive to disclaim after-tax or non-IRA dollars. The big point is there is a constant uncertainty surrounding what laws will be in effect when you die. You can’t control Congress, the market, or many other things. Furthermore, for each type of asset, whether it is an IRA, a Roth IRA, a brokerage account, life insurance, an annuity, real estate, or other assets, there might be compelling reasons to do something that cannot be predicted today. A change in circumstances could change the optimal choice of which beneficiary gets which asset. The key concept here is disclaiming. In this type of plan, you can’t force anyone to accept a bequest. The plan works by allowing the beneficiary of an asset to accept the property for him/herself, or to say, I don’t want that asset, or any part of it. If there is a disclaimer of all or part of an IRA, for example, we look to see who is next in line, or if we want to use the official term, the contingent beneficiary. The ability for the primary beneficiary to make a partial disclaimer adds enormous flexibility to the plan. This means that he or she can accept part of the asset and let the contingent beneficiary have the rest. If a surviving spouse needs all the money, that is fine ¾ if he or she can keep everything left to him or her. But if the surviving spouse doesn’t need the money, or more likely doesn’t need all of the money, then he or she can disclaim either all, or again more likely, a portion of it, in favor of the next beneficiary on the list (i.e., the children). The child can also decide to accept the property or disclaim it further down the line. With traditional planning and traditional estate administration, children do not get any inherited money until both spouse’s deaths. Grandchildren do not get anything until their parents are gone. Incorporating disclaimers into the estate plan allows the children to receive money at the first death, which not only has potential tax advantages but also can help them out while they are younger and may need it more. Disclaiming can not only reduce taxes after your death but also get money to younger generations sooner when they have a greater financial need for it. It is too tough to guess what the best strategy will be after the first and second death. Therefore, you will want to build flexibility into the estate plan with disclaimers. Ultimately, you might be able to get the right assets to the right beneficiaries at the right time and save money on taxes along the way. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
June 3, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: No One is Too Old to Make IRA Contributions Now
By the time this article is published, ‘tax season’ for the 2020 reporting will be coming to a close. Tax season is the time when individuals have the opportunity of contributing to an IRA. It is not well known, but one benefit the SECURE Act gave us was to do away with the age limit for traditional IRA contributions. Now, no one will be too old to contribute to an IRA. 2020 is the first year that those age 70 ½ and older can make traditional IRA contributions. As such, individuals who may still be working, even part-time, can continue to add to their retirement plan. No one is ever too old to contribute to an IRA anymore. An individual must have earned income to contribute, but age is no longer a barrier. The SECURE Act did away with the age limit for traditional IRA contributions. This is good news for older individuals who may still be working, even part-time because they may be able to continue to add to their retirement savings. Example: Mary is 80 and works part-time at a local market. She has earned income of $25,000 for 2020. Since the SECURE Act has eliminated the age limit for traditional IRA contributions, Mary can make a contribution to an IRA of $7,000. Mary will still have to take her minimum required distribution, however, if she had a balance on December 31 of the previous year. In order to make an IRA contribution, one must have earned income. This means salary from a job or self-employment income. One exception to the ‘rule’ is for a spousal IRA for a nonworking spouse. A nonworking spouse can make a contribution based on a working spouse’s earned income. Contributions would be made to the nonworking spouse’s IRA. Any IRA contributions to that nonworking spouse’s IRA from earned income (at a future time) can also be made to the same IRA. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
May 24, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Trust Decanting
What is trust decanting? Trust decanting is the act of distributing assets from one trust to a new trust with different terms for one or more beneficiaries of the first trust. As I have heard some practitioners say, ‘just as you can decant wine by pouring it from its original bottle into a new bottle, leaving the ‘unwanted’ sediment in the original bottle, the distribution trustee can pour the assets from one trust into a new trust, leaving the unwanted terms in the original trust.’ For years, practitioners have struggled to find ways to change the terms of an irrevocable trust. However, through the decanting statutes that have been enacted in many jurisdictions, it is now possible to modify an irrevocable trust by having the trustee distribute the trust assets into a new or different irrevocable trust for one or more of the same beneficiaries of the first trust. Not all states allow decanting through their own state statutes. There are 31 states that have decanting statutes. Some states have laws with respect to decanting that offer more flexibility than others. There are rankings that are published to this end (feel free to reach out to me if you would like me to provide you a state ranking chart). So, what if the trust is in a non-decanting jurisdiction? Do you throw in the towel? No! We first look into the trust agreement to see if it has decanting language. Since decanting is a relatively recent phenomenon, it likely does not have such a statute. However, if it does, then one can likely utilize decanting through the authority granted in the trust agreement. Assuming no decanting language is in the trust, the trust may give the trustee the power to change the trust situs. If it does, then we can often move the trust to a new situs that allows decanting. If the trust does not give anybody the power to change the situs, then we look at the current situs statutes to see if there is a nonjudicial settlement agreement statute. If there is, we may be able to change the situs using that statute and then decant it under the new situs statute. Typically, clients are comfortable changing the trust via a nonjudicial settlement agreement statute, however, since the statute requires all interest parties to agree, it doesn’t always work. As a final remedy, we can petition the court for a trust reformation. Taking a case through the judicial system however, may be the most costly alternative. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
May 13, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Required Minimum Distribution (“RMD”) under the SECURE Act
Is there a year of death for Required Minimum Distribution (“RMD”) under the SECURE Act? Even over a year in the passage of the SECURE Act, many questions remain about the correct way to handle the RMD in the year of death. The RMD for the year of death will only need to be taken if the IRA owner died on or after their required beginning date (RBD) and had not already taken all of their RMD. Under the new rules of the SECURE Act, the RBD is now April 1 of the year following the year the IRA owner reaches age 72. Note that all Roth IRA owners are considered to have died before their RBD. This means that there is never a year-of-death RMD required from a Roth IRA. Nothing needs to be withdrawn in the year of death. Example 1: Jane’s 72nd birthday is November 21, 2021. She died in December of 2021 without taking her 2021 RMD. Jane died before her RBD (April 1, 2022). Therefore, no RMD is required for the year of her death (2021). The RMD for the year of death is calculated as if the IRA owner had lived for that year. This means it will be calculated using the Uniform Lifetime Table. The requirement that a year-of-death RMD be taken is unaffected by the SECURE Act. This is because the changes made in the SECURE Act to the calculation of RMDs deal only with post-death RMDs. The amount of the year-of-death RMD is based on the IRA owner’s pre-death lifetime payments. Example 2: Dave, age 75, dies in 2021. The year-of-death RMD that must be taken from his IRA will still be calculated using the factor that corresponds to his age 75 on the Uniform Lifetime Table (22.9). If the year-of-death RMD was not already taken by the IRA owner, it must be taken by the beneficiary. It is not paid to the IRA owner’s estate (unless the estate is named as the beneficiary). The beneficiary will also pay the tax on the distribution. The SECURE Act’s requirement that non-spouse beneficiaries use the 10-year rule does NOT remove the beneficiary’s responsibility to take the year-of-death RMD. Example 3: Sam died in 2021 at age 81. He named his nephew Joey as his IRA beneficiary. However, Sam did not take his RMD prior to his death. Joey is a non-eligible designated beneficiary and is subject to the 10-year payout term. Joey is responsible for taking his uncle’s year-of-death RMD prior to the end of 2021. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
May 6, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Uncertainty and Opportunity in 2021
Is Now the Time to Make a Substantial Gift? As I reported last week, we may soon see a rollback in the ‘Trump’ tax cuts. Such a roll-back might even be made effective retroactively to January 1, 2021. Most of the changes made by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, as related to individuals, are already set to expire after 2025. Under this act, we now have an estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer tax exemption amount of $11,700,000 per person. This exemption amount is up from $5,490,000, where it stood in 2017 prior to the ‘Trump’ tax cuts taking effect. This means that until the end of 2021, an individual dying or making a large gift can pass up to $11,700,000 free of any federal transfer tax. Thereafter a roughly 40% tax on the fair market value of the estate or gift would be paid. For married couples, they can now pass up to $23,400,000 (federal estate/gift/generation-skipping). The individual exemptions may likely roll back soon to around $5 million per donor or even $3.5 million per donor. On November 26, 2019, the IRS issued a regulation under IR-2019-189 that there would have been no “clawback” for any gifts made in 2020. Thus, if an individual had given up to $11.5 million in 2020, and the related exemption amount was reduced in 2021 to something less than that, then the difference between those amounts would not have been added back when computing the value of the taxable estate when the donor later dies. This is the “use it or lose it” approach that many people talk about in trying to figure out whether to make a large gift. While it is likely the IRS would do this again; there are no guarantees. The analysis to figure out whether a gift might be beneficial to a family is difficult and requires many different factors. Some of the factors include the total estate value, the health of the family member, the income tax basis of the estate assets, the charitable giving goals, prior gifts, the desire to retain control over the use of assets, and the readiness of beneficiaries to receive a large gift. Keep in mind that a gift doesn’t have to be made directly to an individual beneficiary. It can be made in trust, for example, given a person access to the property but not ownership or control. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
April 28, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: What is a Spendthrift Provision?
One of the best forms of asset protection we can provide is through a trust that contains a spendthrift provision. The general idea behind a spendthrift trust is to prevent certain beneficiaries from receiving their inheritances all at once. The risk is that the ‘spendthrift’ beneficiary will end up blowing through the money in a short period of time. The process of establishing a spendthrift trust is nearly identical to creating any other trust, except the trust instrument must contain a spendthrift provision. So what exactly does a spendthrift provision do? A spendthrift provision is a provision within a trust that limits the beneficiary’s access to trust. This restriction protects the trust property in two ways: First, it prevents a beneficiary from selling his or her interest in the trust property as a beneficiary to a creditor, and second, it prevents the beneficiary’s creditors from compelling the trustee to satisfy a debt by making a distribution except where this would void public policy like in the case of alimony, child support and some civil judgments. So, for instance, creditor X demands that Beneficiary 1 use the money to pay his debt of $20,000. Even if the beneficiary cannot pay off his debt, creditor X cannot compel the trust to pay a debt directly to creditor X if the trust is discretionary and contains such a spendthrift provision. However, once the trustee has made a distribution to a beneficiary, the creditor may then take the distributed assets from the individual beneficiary. In a discretionary spendthrift trust arrangement, the beneficiary's inheritance is, therefore, distributed in portions over an extended period of time. The beneficiary has no right to the money and can't spend it before actually receiving any of these distributions, and creditors and others can only reach the money that the beneficiary has actually received—not the portion of the inheritance that remains in the trust. The trustee would have discretion to decide when and why payments are made, or the creator of the trust can set these terms in the trust documents when the trust is created. There are some debts that courts do not allow spendthrift provisions to protect due to public policy concerns. For instance, a spendthrift provision will not apply to claims for alimony, child support, and back taxes. The courts favors these debtors because it is public policy to keep families from relying on support from the state when there are other resources that could provide support. If such great protection from creditors exists, why not simply create a spendthrift trust and name yourself a beneficiary? The reason is that most states won't allow this for public policy reasons. However, there are some exceptions where certain states allow something called ‘self-settled’ asset protection trusts where the person setting up the spendthrift trust can also be a beneficiary. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
April 22, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: What to Know About the “For the 99.5% Act” and the “Sensible Taxation and Equity Promotion (STEP) Act"
There are many potential tax law changes that may be coming to a theatre near you. I can’t get too far into the weeds in this blog, but I’ll address two current proposals that may be of interest. About three weeks ago, Senators Bernie Sanders (D-VT) and Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) introduced what they refer to as the “For the 99.5% Act.” As the name implies, the Act is focused on the top 0.5% of Americans. Under current law, the estate and gift tax lifetime exemption amount is $11.7 million per person (indexed for inflation), with amounts transferred in excess of this amount (this does not include annual gift tax exclusion gifts of $15,000 per person) subject to a 40% tax. The estate and gift tax exemptions are currently unified, meaning amounts not used via gifts during one’s life can be applied to offset estate tax upon death. The current exemption levels were doubled by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 and are expected to “sunset” or return to pre-TCJA 2017 amounts at the end of 2025. Some of the most significant provisions of the 99.5% Act are as follows: Reduces the estate tax exemption amount to $3.5 million per person but continues to index it for inflation. Reduces the gift tax exemption to $1 million per person (the system would no longer be unified). Increases the estate and gift tax rate (40%) to: 45% of an estate between $3.5 million and $10 million. 50% of an estate between $10 million and $50 million. 55% of an estate between $50 million and $1 billion. 65% of an estate over $1 billion. Eliminates valuation discounts for non-business assets. Eliminates the use of “Defective (for income tax purposes) Trusts.” Restricts the funding of Grantor Retained Annuity Trusts (GRATs) and imposes a minimum term of 10 years. Limits on "Generation-Skipping” while also imposing a maximum term of 50 years. Reduce the annual gift tax exemption (as mentioned above) from $15,000 per donee per year to $10,000 per donee per year. About the same time, Senators Chris Van Hollen (D-MD), Corey Booker (D-NJ), Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), Bernie Sanders (D-VT), and Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) introduced what they call the Sensible Taxation and Equity Promotion (STEP) Act. Under the current law, when an individual dies, the cost basis of property would receive a cost basis adjustment being adjusted to its Fair Market Value (FMV) at the date of death. When gifting appreciated property, the cost basis would carry over to the recipient. Some of the most significant provisions of the STEP Act are as follows: Property transferred by gift or bequest is treated as sold for its FMV, with the gain (or loss, but only if transferred via bequest) being recognized currently. There would be a $100,000 exclusion for gifts and a $1 million exclusion for transfers at death. There is a deferral period of 15 years built in to pay the tax. The exclusion of up to $250,000 per person on the sale of a principal residence would continue. All ‘non-grantor' trusts would have to pay tax on unrealized gains every 21 years (although trusts created in 2005 or earlier would have their first “deemed realization” in 2026). Gifts or bequests to spouses or charities would be exempt. The effective date of these proposed changes would be January 1, 2022. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
April 15, 2021
The Weekly Scenario
The Weekly Scenario: Designating a Beneficiary on a Vehicle Title
Like an individual retirement account or life insurance policy, a vehicle owner can designate a beneficiary to receive ownership of a Maryland titled vehicle upon their death. Since the designation is made prior to the death of the individual, the vehicle will not be considered part of the estate; therefore, Letters of Administration (obtained as a result of opening a probate estate matter) will not be required for transfer. What are the requirements (and clarifications): The vehicle must be solely owned and currently titled in Maryland; Only one beneficiary can be named; which can be either an individual or a business entity; A beneficiary must be designated prior to the death of the vehicle owner; A beneficiary may be added, even if the vehicle is subject to a lien. When the vehicle is transferred to the beneficiary all liens must be satisfied, or a letter of permission from the lien holder must be provided to change ownership to the beneficiary; The designation of a beneficiary does not affect the ownership of the vehicle until the death of the vehicle owner; The owner of the vehicle may choose to delete or change the designation of a beneficiary or sell the vehicle at any time prior to their death without the consent of the beneficiary. Once a beneficiary is designated, a corrected title will be delivered to the vehicle owner. All previously issued titles will be voided. In addition, no inspection is required if the beneficiary is an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent of the deceased). In addition: The vehicle registration may be transferred if the vehicle is transferred to a member of the immediate family. All other transfers will require the purchase of new registration plates; At the time the transaction is submitted for processing a death certificate must accompany the title. If the MVA has received notification of the vehicle owner’s death from the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, the death certificate would not be required; There is a fee to add, delete or change a beneficiary to a vehicle title record. The beneficiary designation form is available on the MVA’s website. As always, if you have any questions or would like to learn more, please contact Steve Shane at sshane@offitkurman.com or 301.575.0313.
April 8, 2021
